William George Ward

For other people named William Ward, see William Ward (disambiguation).

William George Ward
Engraving of William George Ward, 1883
Born	(1812-03-21)21 March 1812 London
Died	Hampstead, London
Fields	Mathematics and Theology
Institutions	St. Edmund's College
Alma mater	Balliol College, Oxford

William George Ward (21 March 1812 – 6 July 1882) was an English theologian and mathematician. A Roman Catholic convert, his career illustrates the development of religious opinion at a time of crisis in the history of English religious thought.

Life

He was the son of William Ward and Emily Combe. He went up to Christ Church, Oxford, in 1830, but his father's financial difficulties forced him in 1833 to try for a scholarship at Lincoln College, which he succeeded in obtaining. Ward had a gift for pure mathematics but for history, applied mathematics or anything outside the exact sciences, he felt contempt. He was endowed with a strong sense of humour and a love of paradox carried to an extreme. His examination for mathematical honours exhibited some of the peculiarities of his character and mental powers. Four out of his five papers on applied mathematics were sent up absolutely blank. Honours, however, were not refused him, and in 1834 he obtained an open fellowship at Balliol.

In the previous year the Tractarian movement had been launched: Ward was attracted to it by his hatred of moderation and what he called "respectability". He was repelled by the conception he had formed of John Henry Newman, whom he regarded as a mere antiquary. When, however, he was at length persuaded by a friend to go and hear Newman preach, he at once became a disciple. But he had, as Newman afterwards said of him, "struck into the movement at an angle." He had no taste for historical investigations. He treated the question at issue as one of pure logic: disliking the Reformers, the right of private judgment which Protestants claimed, and the somewhat prosaic uniformity of the English Church, he flung himself into a general campaign against Protestantism in general and the Anglican form of it in particular. He nevertheless took deacon's orders in 1838 and priest's orders in 1840.

Bust of Ward, by Mario Raggi

In 1839 Ward became editor of the British Critic, the organ of the Tractarian party, and he excited suspicion among the adherents of the party by his violent denunciations of the Church to which he still belonged. In 1841 he urged the publication of the celebrated Tract 90, and wrote in defence of it. From that period Ward and his associates worked undisguisedly for union with the Church of Rome, and in 1844 he published his Ideal of a Christian Church, in which he openly contended that the only hope for the Church of England lay in submission to the Church of Rome. This publication brought to a height the storm which had long been gathering. The University of Oxford was invited, on 13 February 1845, to condemn Tract 90, to censure the Ideal, and to deprive Ward from his degrees. The two latter propositions were carried with Ward being deprived of his tutorship and Tract 90 only escaped censure by the non placet of the proctors, Guillemard and Church.

Ward left the Church of England in September 1845, and was followed by many others, including Newman himself. After his reception into the Church of Rome, Ward devoted himself to ethics, metaphysics and moral philosophy. He wrote articles on free will, the philosophy of theism, on science, prayer and miracles for the Dublin Review. He also dealt with the condemnation of Pope Honorius I, carried on a controversial correspondence with John Stuart Mill, and took a leading part in the discussions of the Metaphysical Society, founded by James Knowles, of which Alfred Lord Tennyson, T H Huxley and James Martineau were also prominent members. He was an opponent of Liberal Catholicism and defender of papal authority.

In 1851 he became professor of moral philosophy at St Edmund's College, Ware, and the following year he was appointed to the chair of dogmatic theology. In 1863 he became editor of the Dublin Review (1863–1878). He supported the promulgation of the dogma of Papal Infallibility in 1870. After his admission into the Roman Catholic Church he had married, and for a time had to struggle with poverty. But his circumstances later improved.

Family

Ward was the grandnephew of Robert Plumer Ward, the nephew of Sir Henry George Ward, and the son of William Ward.

He was the father of Newman's biographer, Wilfrid Philip Ward; a grandfather of Father Leo Ward, a missioner in Japan and co-founder of Sheed & Ward, and of Leo's sister, the writer and publisher Maisie Ward; and a great-grandfather of the translator Rosemary Sheed, and of Rosemary's brother, the novelist Wilfrid Sheed.

Works

• The Ideal of a Christian Church (1844).
• The Anglican Establishment Contrasted (1850).
• Heresy and Immortality (1851).
• On Nature and Grace (1859).
• The Relation of Intellectual Power to Man's True Perfection (1862).
• De Infallibilitatis Extensione (1869).
• Essays on Devotional and Scriptural Subjects (1879).
• The Condemnation of Pope Honorius (1879).
• Essays on the Church's Doctrinal Authority (1880).
• Essays on the Philosophy of Theism (1884).

Selected articles

• "Intrinsic End of Civil Government," The Dublin Review, Vol. LIII (1863).
• "The Dogmatic Principle," The Dublin Review, Vol. LIII (1863).
• "The 'Union' Movement," The Dublin Review, Vol. LIV (1864).
• "Rome and the Munich Congress," The Dublin Review, Vol. LV (1864).
• "The University Question," The Dublin Review, Vol. LVI (1865).
• "The Encyclical and Syllabus," The Dublin Review, Vol. LVI (1865).
• "Public School Education," The Dublin Review, Vol. LVII (1865).
• "Rome, Unionism, and Indifferentism," The Dublin Review, Vol. LVII (1865).
• "Mr. Oxenham and the 'Dublin Review'," The Dublin Review, Vol. LVII (1865).
• "Doctrinal Decrees of a Pontifical Congregation: The Case of Galileo," The Dublin Review, Vol. LVII (1865).
• "Dr. Pusey's Apology for Anglicanism," The Dublin Review, Vol. LVIII (1866).
• "Dr. Pusey's Project of Union," The Dublin Review, Vol. LVIII (1866).
• "The Council of Florence," The Dublin Review, Vol. LVIII (1866).
• "Irish Writers on University Education," The Dublin Review, Vol. LIX (1866).
• "Dr. Pusey on Marian Devotion," The Dublin Review, Vol. LIX (1866).
• "Pious IX and the 'Civilta Cattolica'," The Dublin Review, Vol. LIX (1866).
• "Two Criticisms on the Dublin Review," The Dublin Review, Vol. LX (1867).
• "Science, Prayer, Free Will and Miracles," The Dublin Review, Vol. LX (1867).
• "Doctrinal Apostolic Letters," The Dublin Review, Vol. LXII (1868).
• "The Witness of Heretical Bodies to Mariology," The Dublin Review, Vol. LXII (1868).
• "The Irish Disestablishment," The Dublin Review, Vol. LXIII (1868).
• "Principles of Catholic Higher Education," The Dublin Review, Vol. LXIV (1869).
• "Catholic Controversy," The Dublin Review, Vol. LXV (1869).
• "Grignon de Monfort and his Devotion," The Dublin Review, Vol. LXVIII (1871).
• "The Definition of Papal Infallibility," The Dublin Review, Vol. LXVIII (1871).
• "Certitude in Religious Assent," The Dublin Review, Vol. LXVIII (1871).
• "Copernicanism and Pope Paul V," The Dublin Review, Vol. LXVIII (1871).
• "The Rule and Motive of Certitude," The Dublin Review, Vol. LXIX (1871).
• "Galileo and the Pontifical Congregations," The Dublin Review, Vol. LXIX (1871).
• "Mr. Mill's Denial of Necessary Truth," The Dublin Review, Vol. LXIX (1871).
• "Liberalism Religious and Ecclesiastical," The Dublin Review, Vol. LXX (1872).
• "Mr. Mill on the Foundation of Morality," The Dublin Review, Vol. LXX (1872).
• "Father Liberatore, Father Harper, and Lord Robert Montagu," The Dublin Review, Vol. LXX (1872).
• "Parliament and Catholic Education," The Dublin Review, Vol. LXX (1872).
• "The Priesthood in Irish Politics," The Dublin Review, Vol. LXXI (1872).
• "A Word on Classical Studies," The Dublin Review, Vol. LXXI (1872).
• "The Present Anglican Position," The Dublin Review, Vol. LXXI (1872).
• "The Labourers and Political Economy," The Dublin Review, Vol. LXXII (1873).
• "Irish Priests and Landlords," The Dublin Review, Vol. LXXII (1873).
• "A Few Words on Dr. Brownson's Philosophy," The Dublin Review, Vol. LXXVIII (1876).
• "Father O'Reilly on Society and the Church," The Dublin Review, Vol. LXXVIII (1876).
• "Tradition and Papal Infallibility," The Dublin Review, Vol. LXXVIII (1876).
• "Church and State," The Dublin Review, Vol. LXXVIII (1876).
• "Professor Mivart on the Rights of Conscience," The Dublin Review, Vol. LXXIX (1876).
• "Cremation," The Dublin Review, Vol. LXXIX (1876).
• "Mr. Mill on Causation," The Dublin Review, Vol. LXXIX (1876).
• "Civil Intolerance of Religious Error: Professor Mivart on Liberty of Conscience," The Dublin Review, Vol. LXXX (1877).
• "Hergenröther on Church and State," The Dublin Review, Vol. LXXXI (1877).
• "Mr. Shadworth Hodgson on Free Will," The Dublin Review, Vol. LXXXVII (1880).
• "Philosophy of the Theistic Controversy," The Dublin Review, Vol. LXXXIX (1882).

See also

• Anglo-Catholicism

References

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Further reading

• Barry, William (1912). "The Centenary of William George Ward," The Dublin Review, Vol. CLI, pp. 1–24.
• Church, Richard William (1891). The Oxford Movement: Twelve Years, 1833-1845. London: Macmillan & Co.
• Hoppen, K. Theodore (1972). "W.G. Ward and Liberal Catholicism," The Journal of Ecclesiastical History, Vol. 23, pp. 323–344.
• Hoppen, K. Theodore (1976). "Church, State, and Ultramontanism in Mid-Victorian England: The Case of William George Ward," Journal of Church and State, Vol. 18, No. 2, pp. 289–309.
• Hutton, Richard Holt (1894). "William George Ward." In: Criticism on Contemporary Thought and Thinkers. London: Macmillan & Co., pp. 213–220.
• Manning, Henry Edward (1882). "William George Ward," The Dublin Review, Vol. 91, pp. 265–272 (rpt. Miscellanies, Vol. 3. London: Burns & Oates, 1888, pp. 177–188).
• Oxenham, Henry Nutcombe (1882). "William George Ward," The Saturday Review, Vol. 54, pp. 78–79.
• Rigg, James H. (1899). Oxford High Anglicanism. London: Charles H. Kelly.
• Scotti, Paschal (2006). "English Catholicism and the Dublin Review." In: Out of Due Time: Wilfrid Ward and the Dublin Review. Washington, DC: The Catholic University of America Press, pp. 29–56.
• Ward, Maisie (1934). The Wilfrid Wards and the Transition, Vol. 2. London: Sheed & Ward.
• Ward, Wilfrid Philip (1889). William George Ward and the Oxford Movement. London: Macmillan & Co.
• Ward, Wilfrid Philip (1893). William George Ward and the Catholic Revival. London: Macmillan & Co.
• Webb, Clement C.J. (1933). "Two Philosophers of the Oxford Movement," Philosophy, Vol. 8, No. 31, pp. 273–284.
• Wilberforce, Wilfrid (1894). "William George Ward," The Dublin Review, Vol. CXV, pp. 1–29.

External links

• Works by William George Ward at Hathi Trust
• Works by William George Ward at Europeana