Elections in Estonia

Estonia elects a legislature on the national level. The Riigikogu has 101 members, elected for a four-year term by proportional representation. A head of state - the president - is elected for a five-year term by parliament (1st-3rd round) or an electoral college (4th and subsequent rounds). Locally, Estonia elects local government councils, which vary in size. Election law states the minimum size of a council depending on the size of municipality. Local government councils are elected by proportional representation too.

• The minimum number of council members is prescribed to be at least 7 seats
• Over 2,000 inhabitants: at least 13 seats
• Over 5,000 inhabitants: at least 17 seats
• Over 10,000 inhabitants: at least 21 seats
• Over 50,000 inhabitants: at least 31 seats
• Over 300,000 inhabitants: at least 79 seats

Estonia has a multi-party system with numerous parties. Often no one party has the chance to gain power alone and parties must work with each other to form coalition governments.

Elections have taken place in the following years: Past elections:

• Riigikogu (parliament): 1992, 1995, 1999, 2003, 2007, 2011, 2015
• Local/municipal: 1993, 1996, 1999, 2002, 2005, 2009, 2013
• Europarliament: 2004, 2009, 2014
• Referendums: 2003 (EU)
• President: 1992 (Lennart Meri), 1996 (Lennart Meri), 2001 (Arnold Rüütel), 2006 (Toomas Ilves), 2011 (Toomas Ilves)

Latest national election

Main article: Estonian parliamentary election, 2015

Party	Votes	%	Seats	+/–
Estonian Reform Party	158,897	27.7	30	–3
Estonian Centre Party	142,457	24.8	27	+1
Social Democratic Party	87,168	15.2	15	–4
Pro Patria and Res Publica Union	78,679	13.7	14	–9
Free Party	49,882	8.7	8	New
Conservative People's Party	46,763	8.1	7	+7
Estonian Greens	5,191	0.9	0	0
Party of People's Unity	2,290	0.4	0	New
Estonian Independence Party	1,045	0.2	0	0
Estonian United Left Party	763	0.1	0	New
Independents	886	0.2	0	0
Invalid/blank votes	3,755	–	–	–
Total	577,914	100	101	0
Registered voters/turnout	899,793	64.2	–	–
Source: VVK

European elections

• European Parliament election, 2004
• European Parliament election, 2009
• European Parliament election, 2014

Referendums

The Constitution of Estonia gives the Parliament of Estonia the power to submit a bill or other national issue to a referendum (article 105 of the Constitution). The result of the vote is binding. If a bill which is submitted to a referendum does not receive a majority of votes in favour, the President of the Republic shall declare extraordinary elections to the Parliament.

There are some issues which cannot be submitted to the referendum: issues regarding the budget, taxation, financial obligations of the state, ratification and denunciation of international treaties, the declaration or termination of a state of emergency, or national defence (article 105 of the Constitution).

Some parts of the Constitution (chapters "General Provisions" and "Amendment of the Constitution") can be amended only by a referendum (article 162 of the Constitution). The rest of Constitution can be amended either by

• a referendum;
• two successive memberships of the Parliament;
• the Parliament, as a matter of urgency (article 163 of the Constitution).

A three-fifths majority of the membership of the Parliament is required to submit a bill to amend the Constitution to a referendum (article 164 of the Constitution).

A referendum was called by the Parliament of Estonia on 2 occasions since Estonia regained independence from the USSR.

• a referendum on a new constitution and citizenship in 1992
• Estonian European Union membership referendum in 2003

Also, there was a referendum on Estonian independence in 1991 while Estonian SSR was still a part of USSR.

See also

• Electoral districts of Estonia
• Electoral calendar
• Electoral system

External links

• Adam Carr's Election Archive
• Parties and elections
• National Electoral Committee of Estonia
• NSD: European Election Database - Estonia publishes regional level election data; allows for comparisons of election results, 1992-2007