Fernando de Zeballos

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Fernando de Zeballos y Mier OSH (9 September 1732 – 1 March 1802) was a Spanish Roman Catholic priest, writer, jurist, and monk of the Order of Saint Jerome. A follower of the ideas of Jesuit Claude-François Nonnotte and the moralists of the 18th century,[1] Zeballos was one of the main authors and inspirers of the counter-Enlightenment and casticist reaction movement in Spain due to his political and religious thought.[2][3]

Biography

Fernando de Zeballos was born in Espera, the son of Manuel González de Zeballos and Ignacia Pérez de Mier. He studied arts, theology, civil and canon law at the University of Seville and at the age of 22 was a doctor in theology, jurisprudence and canons.[4]

In 1758, he entered the monastic order of the Hieronymites in the Monastery of San Isidoro del Campo, in Santiponce, where he was appointed prior on two occasions, and was also prior of the order's College in Avila in 1777 and Visitor General of Castile. He was preceptor of law to the writer Candido Maria Trigueros.[5]

He died in the Monastery of San Isidoro del Campo on March 1, 1802, and his remains were transferred in 1863 to their current location at the University of Seville.

See also

Writings

Fernando de Zeballos was a scholarly writer, with a broad theological, legal and historical background, characterized by a vehement and, at times, aggressive style. His work is mainly driven by the idea of refuting the Enlightenment movement with his own encyclopedia.[6]

Political and moral works

The False Philosophy

His main work is the seven-volume treatise The False Philosophy or Atheism, Deism, Materialism and other new sects convinced of the crime of state against the sovereigns and their royalties, a treatise of apologetics against the principles of the Enlightenment and the French Revolution. Among the points covered in this work is a theological and legal defense of the death penalty.[2]

Curiously, this work is dedicated to the Count of Campomanes, Minister of Finance and recognized supporter of the ideas of enlightened despotism to denounce before him the works of some "wandering men, called philosophers".[7] Zeballos aspired to flatter the Government of Charles III with the defense of royalties.[5]

The ideas expressed by Zeballos on civil power are so restrictive that the publication of the work was prohibited by the Council of Castile in the sixth volume,[8] when, when requesting a license for the publication of the seventh volume, the criticism present in the fifth book against Beccaria's work On Crimes and Punishments, whose publication had the approval of Campomanes, was taken into account. It was recommended that the author be reprimanded for his confrontation with civil power.[5] Despite the author's efforts in 1774 and 1775, the prohibition was not lifted and Godoy conveyed the Crown's will that the sentence be complied with.[9] Finally, Zeballos printed the seventh volume in Lisbon in 1800, for which reason the Crown entrusted the regent of the audience of Seville to investigate the corresponding responsibilities.[8] This volume is unpublished in the National Historical Archive.[5]

An epitome of this work was published posthumously, entitled Insanias o las demencias de los filósofos confundidos por la sabiduría de la Cruz (1878).

Voltaire's Last Judgment

The Voltaire's Last Judgment: with his civil and literary history and the result of his philosophy is a two-volume work published posthumously in 1856. In it Socrates, Epicurus, Cicero, Virgil and Lucretius judge Voltaire in the underworld on the model of Lucian of Samosata in his Dialogues of the Dead, the latter acting as rapporteur.[10]

Analysis of the book entitled On Crimes and Punishments

This is an essay on the treatise On Crimes and Punishments by Cesare Beccaria[8] (a key work in the reform of criminal law in Europe) and which influenced the inclusion of Beccarias' book in the Index of books banned by the Spanish Holy Office. This essay adds to the criticisms against Beccarias' work included in volume 5 of The False Philosophy.

Historical works

The Italica

Work written between 1783 and 1802, it was not published until 1886. Monograph on the history of the city of Italica from the Roman Empire to the time of composition of the text, completed with biographical details of the life of San Isidro, the founding of the monastery of San Isidro del Campo, the lives of notable men buried in his church and virtuous monks of the same monastery.

La Sidonia Bética

La Sidonia bética ó Disertaciones acerca del sitio de la colonia Asido y cátedra episcopal asidoniense, published posthumously in 1864. Historical study in which Zeballos refutes the identification of the ancient Asido Cesariana and its episcopal see with Jerez de la Frontera to, finally, reject the claim of the latter to house the episcopal see.

Other works

Discourses and pamphlets

During his stay in Portugal to publish the seventh volume of The False Philosophy, he published a small volume entitled Discurso apologético por la devoción del Corazón de Jesús which was banned after its introduction in Spain. According to the testimony of Justino Matute, this was the cause of his death on March 1, 1802.

Unpublished works

The following works remained unpublished or had limited distribution:

  • Análisis del Emilio o Tratado de la Educación, de J. Jacobo Rousseau
  • Noches de la Incredulidad
  • Causas de la Desigualdad entre los Hombres
  • El Deísmo Extático
  • Ascanio, o Discurso de un Filósofo Vuelto a su Corazón
  • Juicio Imparcial de Campomanes

Notes

  1. ↑ Marieta Cantos Casenave (2008). "Las Mujeres en la Prensa entre la Ilustración y el Romanticismo". In: La Guerra de Pluma: Estudios Sobre la Prensa de Cádiz en el Tiempo de Las Cortes (1810-1814), Vol. 3. Cádiz: Servicio de Publicaciones de la Universidad de Cádiz, pp. 241, 251.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Hernández Franco, Juan (1991). "Prensa y Propaganda Contrarrevolucionaria. El Correo Literario de Murcia (1792-1795)". In: Carmen Cremades Griñán, ed., Poder Ilustrado y Revolución. Universidad de Murcia. Secretariado de Publicaciones: Caja de Ahorros del Mediterráneo, p. 126.
  3. ↑ Abellán, José Luis (2011). Ensayo sobre las Dos Españas: Una Voz de Esperanza. Barcelona: Península.
  4. ↑ Díaz Díaz, Gonzalo (1983). Nombres y Documentos de la Filosofía Española, Vol. 2. Madrid: Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Instituto de Filosofía Luis Vives, p. 292.
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 Aguilar Piñal, Francisco (1987). Un Escritor Ilustrado: Cádido María Trigueros. Madrid: Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Instituto de Filología. p. 31.
  6. ↑ Méndez Bejarano, Mario (1929). "El Siglo XVIII. Los Escolásticos". In: Historia de la Filosofía en España Hasta el Siglo XX. Madrid: Renacimiento, p. 563.
  7. ↑ Rodríguez Ennes, Luis (1997). "A orixinalidade do pensamento xurídico penal de Fr. Martín Sarmiento". In: O Padre Sarmiento e o Seu Tempo: Actas do Congreso Internacional do Tricentenario de Fr. Martín Sarmiento (1695-1995), Vol. 1. Santiago de Compostela: Servicio de Edicións e Intercambio Científico, Campus Universitario Sur, p. 316.
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 Vidart Schuch, Luis (1886). Apuntes sobre la Historia de la Filosofía en la Península Ibérica. Madrid: Imprenta Europea, p. 100.
  9. ↑ Aguilar Piñal, Francisco (1983). Bibliografía de Autores Españoles del siglo XVII, Vol. 2. Oviedo: Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Departamento de Publicaciones, p. 401.
  10. ↑ Zavala, Silvio (1983). América en el Espíritu Francés del Siglo XVII. Perú: Colegio Nacional, p. 24.

References

Artola Renedo, Andoni & Antonio Juan Calvo Maturana (2017). "Declinaciones de la Reacción Eclesiástica contra la Revolución Francesa en España (1789-1808)," Hispania: Revista Española de Historia,, Vol. LXXVII, No. 256, pp. 437–69.
Avellá Chafer, Francisco (1973). "Fray Fernando de Ceballos y la Reforma Eclesiástica," Studia Hieronymiana, Vol. I, pp. 739–64.
Avellá Chafer, Francisco (1978). "El P. Ceballos y su Censura de l’Ane 2440," Archivo Hispalense, Vol. LXI, No. 187, pp. 51–75.
Domergue, Lucienne (1978). "Un Defensor del Trono y del Altar Acusado de Crimen Antirregalista: Fray Fernando de Cevallos," Bulletin Hispanique, Vol. LXXX, No. 3/4, pp. 190–200.
Herrero, Javier (2020). Los Orígenes del Pensamiento Reaccionario Español. Zaragoza: Prensas de la Universidad de Zaragoza.
Lafage, Franck (1993). L'Espagne de la Contre-Révolution: Développement et Déclin XVIIIe-XXe Siècles. Paris: L'Harmattan.
Lafarga, Francisco (1982). Voltaire en España (1734-1835). Barcelona: Edicions de la Universitat de Barcelona.
Menéndez y Pelayo, Marcelino (1880). Historia de los Heterodoxos Españoles, Vol. 3. Madrid: Librería Católica de San José.
Palencia, Ángel González (1934). Estudio Histórico sobre la Censura Gubernativa en España, 1800-1833, Vol. 2. Madrid: Tipografía de Archivos.
Robledo Hernández, Ricardo (2015). "Las dos Españas de 1796: La Universidad del Fraile Ceballos y la de Forner." In: María Dolores Gimeno Puyol, Ernesto Viamonte Lucientes & María Dolores Albiac Blanco, eds., Los Viajes de la Razón: Estudios Dieciochistas en Homenaje a María-Dolores Albiac Blanco. Zaragoza: Institución Fernando el Católico, pp. 219–36.
Sánchez Agesta, Luis (1979). El Pensamiento Político del Despotismo Ilustrado. Sevilla: Secretariado de Publicaciones de la Universidad de Sevilla.
Saugnieux, Joël (1985). Foi et Lumières dans l'Espagne du XVIIIe Siècle. Lyon: Presses Universitaires de Lyon.
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