Gioia Tauro

Gioia Tauro
Comune
Città di Gioia Tauro
Seaport of Gioia Tauro
Coat of arms
Map of the province of Reggio Calabria, with Gioia Tauro located to the north at the A3 motorway (A3 depicted in green).
Gioia Tauro Location of Gioia Tauro in Italy
Coordinates:
Country	Italy
Region	Calabria
Province / Metropolitan city	Reggio Calabria (RC)
Government
• Mayor	Renato Bellofiore
Area
• Total	38 km2 (15 sq mi)
Population (November 2012)
• Total	19,227
• Density	510/km2 (1,300/sq mi)
Demonym(s)	Gioiesi
Time zone	CET (UTC+1)
• Summer (DST)	CEST (UTC+2)
Postal code	89013
Dialing code	0966
Patron saint	St. Hyppolite
Saint day	August 13
Website	Official website

Gioia Tauro is a comune (municipality) in the province of Reggio Calabria, in Calabria (Italy), on the Tyrrhenian coast. It has an important port, situated along the route connecting Suez to Gibraltar, one of the busiest maritime corridors in the world.

History

Gioia Tauro has been continuously inhabited for more than 2500 years. From about 400 BC or so it was inhabited by Greek colonists who called it Matauros or Metauros. It was one of the smaller ancient Greek centers among the settlements in Southern Italy (Magna Graecia). The ancient poet Stesichorus is said to have been born there. The remains are a little further inland in the old town of Gioia Tauro on a rise overlooking the Tyrrhenian Sea.

In the 1970s, Gioia Tauro was the main centre for industrial development in Southern Italy, following a burst of violence in Reggio Calabria in 1970, signaling frustration over the central government's neglect of the region. The construction of a large steel plant and port facility was meant to bring income and jobs to Calabria. Until then Gioia Tauro had been a productive and beautiful agricultural area. Profitable farms and olive groves were expropriated and demolished.

The 'Ndrangheta, a Mafia-type criminal organisation based in Calabria, and in particular the Piromalli clan, exploited the construction of the steelworks until the project was abandoned in 1979, when the crisis in the steel industry could no longer be ignored and the government decided there was no economic base for it. In the meantime some 1,000 people were killed in conflicts over construction contracts. For a while the homicide rate of Gioia Tauro, with a population of about 17,000 at the time, was higher than that of New York City.

Following this, a proposed electrical energy power station was never built, due to environmental problems. Gioia Tauro became an example of the failure that characterized much of the development of Italy's South as "industrialisation without development."

Gioia Tauro seaport

Main article: Port of Gioia Tauro

The seaport has seven loading docks with an extension of 4,646 metres (15,243 ft); it is the largest in Italy and the seventh-largest container port in Europe, with a 2007 throughput of 3.7 million TEUs from more than 3,000 ships. In 2011 the port was in seventh place for EU container traffic, on a lower throughput of 3.4 million TEU

In 2002 more than one-third of national traffic went through the seaport; it specializes in transshipment activities, replacing the port of Malta as the node for overseas traffic to and from the US and the Far East. The Medcenter Container Terminal (Medcenter, Contship) is the main operator working in the port.

'Ndrangheta control of port

According to a 2006 report, Italian investigators estimate that 80% of Europe's cocaine arrives from Colombia via Gioia Tauro's docks. The port is also involved in the illegal arms trade. These activities are controlled by the 'Ndrangheta. In 2014 the US FBI and the Italian police made arrests in a joint operation aimed at smashing a new trafficking route for drugs and weapons that officials said had brought together the Gambino crime family of New York and the 'Ndrangheta. It was alleged that representatives of the criminal organisations discussed plans to ship cocaine and heroin from Gioia Tauro to the United States, selling more than 1.3 kilograms (2.9 lb) of heroin to an FBI undercover agent, thinking it would be distributed across the United States. A mafia expert said that the US mafia understood that the Sicilian Cosa Nostra had been so weakened that it allowed the 'Ndrangheta to rise.

The Piromalli-Molè clan managed to condition the management of the new container terminal. Established in the mid-1990s, it became the largest terminal in the Mediterranean, moving over 2 million containers in 1998. Since 1994, when Contship Italia rented the port area to start transshipment activity and the Medcenter Container Terminal was set up thanks to 138 billion lire (about US$86 million) in state financing, the Piromallis aimed to oblige the Medcenter company, through its vice president Walter Lugli, and the Contship company, through its president Enrico Ravano, to pay a kickback of US$1.50 for each transshipped container, about half of the net profits earned by the two companies.

In February 2008 the parliamentary Antimafia Commission concluded that the 'Ndrangheta "controls or influences a large part of the economic activity around the port and uses the facility as a base for illegal trafficking." In its report it said that "the entire gamma of internal or sub-contracted activities is mafia-influenced, from the management of distribution and forwarding to customs control and container storage." The extortion of Ravano and Contship was part of a project that "did not involve simply this security tax, which grew with the port, but also control of activities tied to the port, the hiring of workers, and relations with port unions and local institutions". "It effectively eliminated legitimate competition from companies not influenced or controlled by the mafia in providing goods and services, performing construction work and hiring personnel. And it threw a shadow over the behaviour of local government and other public bodies."

'Ndrangheta infiltration of city council

The city council of Gioia Tauro was dissolved in 1991 because of infiltration by the 'Ndrangheta. In April 2008, it was dissolved for the second time for the same reason. The town is home to several 'ndrine, such as the Alvaro, Mammoliti, Molè, and Piromalli families.

Gioia Tauro's former mayor and deputy mayor, Giorgio Dal Torrione and Rosario Schiavone, were arrested on mafia charges on October 13, 2008. Both had been forced to step down in April, when the city council was dissolved on suspicion of mafia infiltration. 'Ndrangheta boss Gioacchino Piromalli was arrested as well, along with his nephew, also named Gioacchino Piromalli, who is a lawyer. The mayors were accused of employing the younger Piromalli. Police believe the legal work was a front to enable the Piromallis to regain a slice of the business generated by the port of Gioia Tauro.

Notable people

• Stesichorus – ancient poet
• Nick Nostro – film director

Winds

• Sirocco, a hot, dry wind originating in Sahara Desert (southeasterly)
• Libeccio, very dangerous for shippers (to be avoided; southwesterly)
• Mistral (Ponente), the predominant and quiet wind (northwesterly)

Climate

The climate of Gioia Tauro is Mediterranean climate/subtropical. The temperature extremes temperature annual are +46,2 °C on July 21, 1905 and -0,4 °C on January 18, 1793 and on February 9, 2015. Snow is a rare event . It occurred in January 1755, in February 1801, in January 1803, in December 1879, in February 1901, in February 1905, in March 1949, in February 1956, in January 1985, in January 1999, in January 2002, in January 2005, in February 2009 and in December 2014. Instead, with accumulation appeared in January 1793 (21 cm), in January 1893, in February 1901, in February 2015 (15 cm). The last episode of frost dates back to February 9, 2015, although it remained for 30 minutes. The highest average temperature was recorded in 1988 and in 2014 with + 23.4 °C. Instead, the lowest average temperature was in 1793 with + 19.3 °C. In 2015 they are registered + 20.2 °C on average.

Climate data for Gioia Tauro
Month	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sep	Oct	Nov	Dec	Year
Record high °F	84.4	85.1	90.3	102	104	113.9	115.2	113.5	107.6	105.3	92.1	86.7	115.2
Average high °F	62.2	63.1	64.4	73.4	75.6	84.2	89.6	86.9	83.8	75.7	70	64.2	74.5
Average low °F	50.9	51.8	59	66	70	77	81.7	81.7	77	70.7	66	57.2	67.5
Record low °F	31.3	31.3	35.8	47.7	50	57.2	65.1	62.4	59.4	51.4	45.9	33.8	31.3
Average precipitation inches	2.64	2.32	1.85	1.14	0.71	0.28	0	0.31	0.39	2.8	2.99	2.95	18.39
Record high °C	29.1	29.5	32.4	38.9	40.0	45.5	46.2	45.3	42.0	40.7	33.4	30.4	46.2
Average high °C	16.8	17.3	18.0	23.0	24.2	29.0	32.0	30.5	28.8	24.3	21.1	17.9	23.6
Average low °C	10.5	11.0	15.0	18.9	21.1	25.0	27.6	27.6	25.0	21.5	18.9	14.0	19.7
Record low °C	−0.4	−0.4	2.1	8.7	10.0	14.0	18.4	16.9	15.2	10.8	7.7	1.0	−0.4
Average precipitation mm	67	59	47	29	18	7	0	8	10	71	76	75	467
Average precipitation days	9	9	7	3	1	0	0	0	2	9	11	8	59
Average relative humidity (%)	77	74	70	67	66	61	60	62	65	77	80	76	69.6
Mean monthly sunshine hours	202	218	288	300	311	372	399	370	310	289	252	189	3,500
Source: Temperatures: 1890–2015; Extremes: 1700–2015; Rain data: 1777–2015

Demographic evolution

References

• Paoli, Letizia (2003). Mafia Brotherhoods: Organized Crime, Italian Style, New York: Oxford University Press ISBN 0-19-515724-9 (Review by Klaus Von Lampe) (Review by Alexandra V. Orlova)
• Spotts, Frederic & Theodor Wieser (1986). Italy, a Difficult Democracy: A Survey of Italian Politics, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0-521-31511-5

External links

• Postcards from Gioia Tauro