Horse-drawn vehicle

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A horse tram (horsecar) in Danzig, Germany (present day Gdańsk, Poland)

A horse-drawn vehicle is a mechanized piece of equipment pulled by one horse or by a team of horses. These vehicles typically had two or four wheels and were used to carry passengers and/or a load. They were once common worldwide, but they have mostly been replaced by automobiles and other forms of self-propelled transport.

General

Petroglyph of a chariot in Parco nazionale delle incisioni rupestri di Naquane, Capo di Ponte.

A two-wheeled horse-drawn vehicle is a cart (see various types below, both for carrying people and for goods). Four-wheeled vehicles have many names – one for heavy loads is most commonly called a wagon.

Very light carts and wagons can also be pulled by donkeys (much smaller than horses), ponies or mules. Other smaller animals are occasionally used, such as large dogs, llamas and goats (see draught animals).

Heavy wagons, carts and agricultural implements can also be pulled by other large draught animals such as oxen, water buffalo, yaks or even camels and elephants.

Vehicles pulled by one animal (or by animals in tandem – single file) have two shafts which attach either side of the rearmost animal (the wheel animal or wheeler). Vehicles pulled by a pair (or by a team of several pairs) have a pole which attaches between the wheel pair. Other arrangements are also possible, for example three or more abreast (a troika), a wheel pair with a single lead animal (a "unicorn"), or a wheel pair with three lead animals abreast (a "pickaxe"). Very heavy loads sometimes had an additional team behind to slow the vehicle down steep hills. Sometimes at a steep hill with frequent traffic such a team would be hired to passing wagons to help them up or down the hill.

Two-wheeled vehicles are balanced by the distribution of weight of the load (driver, passengers and goods) over the axle, and then held level by the animal – this means that the shafts (or sometimes a pole for two animals) must be fixed rigidly to the vehicle's body. Four-wheeled vehicles remain level on their own, and so the shafts or pole are hinged vertically, allowing them to rise and fall with the movement of the animals. A four-wheeled vehicle is also steered by the shafts or pole, which are attached to the front axle; this swivels on a turntable or "fifth wheel" beneath the vehicle.

Vehicles primarily for carrying people

A horse and buggy circa 1910

Road

  • Ambulance: Much the same purpose as the modern sense. Details of the design varied but would be a lightly built and well-sprung, enclosed vehicle with provision for seated casualties and stretchers.
  • Barouche: An elegant, high-slung, open carriage with a seat in the rear of the body and a raised bench at the front for the driver, a servant.
  • Berlin
    A cab designed by Joseph Hansom.
  • Brake
  • Britzka
  • Brougham
  • Buckboard
  • Bus: See omnibus
  • Buggy: A light, open, four-wheeled carriage, often driven by its owner. It is an American design.
  • Cab: A shortening of cabriolet. Joseph Hansom based the design of his public hire vehicle on the cabriolet so the name cab stuck to vehicles for public hire.
  • Cabriolet
  • Calash or Calèshe: See barouche.
  • Cape cart
  • Cariole
    Traveling in France or Le départ de la diligence
    Drawing by George Cruikshank (1818).
  • Carriage: In the late eighteenth century, roughly equivalent to the modern word "vehicle" [Walker]. It later came to be restricted to "passenger vehicle" and even to "private, enclosed passenger vehicle" [Britannica]. This last is the sense adopted by the linked article.
  • Carryall
  • Chaise
  • Charabanc
  • Cidomo, a form of horse-drawn carriage popular in the Lesser Sunda Islands of Indonesia.
  • Clarence
  • Coach
  • Coupé
  • Covered wagon: The name given to canvas-topped farm wagons used by North American settlers to move both their families and household goods westward. Varieties of this wagon include the Conestoga wagon (Larger wagons able to carry large amounts of goods and primarily used on flat trails, example: Santa Fe Trail) and prairie schooner (Smaller wagons more suited for mountainous regions, example: Oregon and California Trails).
  • Curricle
  • Diligence: A French stagecoach. The 19th-century ones came in three sizes, La petite diligence, La grande diligence and L'impériale.
    Resting coachmen at a Fiaker (fiacre) in Vienna
  • Dog cart: A sprung cart used for transporting a gentleman, his loader, and his gun dogs.
  • Dos-à-dos
  • Drag (carriage)
  • Droshky or Drozhki
  • Equipage
  • Fiacre
  • Fly
  • Four-in-hand coach
  • Gharry
  • Gig (carriage)
    Irish jaunting car, or outside car (1890-1900)
  • Gladstone
  • Governess cart: A sprung cart with two inward-facing benches, high sides and entry at the back. The upper part of the body was often of wicker.
  • Growler: The four-wheeled version of a hansom cab
  • Hackney carriage
  • Hansom cab: A one-horsed, two-wheeled, maneuverable public hire vehicle.
  • Hearse
  • Herdic
  • Jaunting car: A sprung cart in which passengers sat back to back with their feet outboard of the wheels. An Irish design.
  • Karozzin: a traditional Maltese carriage drawn by one horse or a pair
  • Kid hack: A van used in the US for carrying children to and from school.
  • Landau
  • Limousine
  • Meadowbrook (carriage)
  • Omnibus
  • One-horse carriage
  • Outside car: See jaunting car.
A mid-19th-century engraving of a Phaeton, from a carriage-builder's catalogue
  • Phaeton: An early-nineteenth-century sports car.
  • Post chaise
  • Ralli car: a light two wheeled sprung cart (gig) with two forward-facing and two rear-facing seats back-to-back, and a sliding fore-and-aft seat adjustment to allow the vehicle to balance with different numbers of passengers.
  • Randem
  • Ratha
  • Rig
  • Rockaway
  • Sleigh: a vehicle with runners for use in snow
  • Spider phaeton
  • Sprung cart: A light, two-wheeled vehicle with springing, for informal passenger use. Its name varied according to the body mounted on it. See dog cart, gig, governess cart, jaunting car, and trap.
  • Stagecoach: A public coach travelling in timetabled stages between stables which supply fresh horses.
Stagecoach in Switzerland

Railway

  • Horsecar (also streetcar, US name, or tram, outside the US)

Waterway

  • Fly boat: A canal boat which changed horses at stages and could therefore keep moving, care being taken to maximize its speed.
A basic, un-sprung cart in Australia. In that country and in New Zealand, it is known as a dray (but "dray" elsewhere usually means a four-wheeled wagon).

Vehicles primarily for carrying goods

Road

Horse cart
  • Bow wagon: A simple agricultural wagon with laths bowed over the wheels in the manner of mudguards, to keep bulky loads such as straw from contact with them. An Australian design.
  • Un-sprung cart: A simple two-wheeled vehicle for workaday use in carrying bulk loads. It was usually drawn by one horse.
  • Chasse-marée: A four-horse adaptation of the cart principle for the rapid delivery of fish to French markets.
  • Conestoga wagon: A large, curved-bottom wagon for carrying commercial or government freight. See covered wagon.
  • Dray: Particularly in Australia and New Zealand, an un-sprung cart. In Britain, even in the 18th century, the name came to be associated with brewers' deliveries so that the later vehicle that was more correctly called a trolley also came to be known as a brewer's dray. These are still seen at horse shows in Britain.
Also a sledge used for moving felled trees in the same way as the wheeled skidder. (See implements, below). It could be used in woodland, apparently with or without snow, but was useful on frozen lakes and waterways. [OED]
  • Float: A light, two-wheeled domestic delivery vehicle with the centre of its axle cranked downward to allow low-loading and easy access to the goods. It was used particularly for milk delivery.
  • Lorry: A low-loading platform body with four small wheels mounted underneath it. The driver's seat was mounted on the headboard.
Cheyenne family using a horse-drawn travois, 1890
  • Mail coach: A stagecoach primarily for the carriage of mail, though also carrying passengers.
  • Mophrey: An un-sprung cart which could be extended forwards with the addition of front wheels. It was used by small farmers as and when dense or bulky loads were to be carried (muck-spreading and harvest). An eastern English design.
  • Pantechnicon van: Originally, a van used by The Pantechnicon for delivering goods to its customers.
  • Prairie schooner: The name given years later to the canvas-topped farm wagons used by North American settlers to move their families and capital goods westward. See covered wagon and Conestoga wagon.
  • Telega
  • Travois: A very simple sledge used for moving relatively small loads, consisting of a pair of shafts dragging on the ground.
  • Trolley: Like a lorry, but with slightly larger wheels and slightly higher deck. The driver's seat was mounted on the headboard.
  • Trolley and lift van: A standardized trolley and a lift van, a standardized box, designed to fit each other or any other of the same sort. The lift van was the direct counterpart of the modern container in the materials and size appropriate to its time.
  • Wagon: See also twenty mule team
  • Wain
A model of a 2-ton slate wagon and load, from the Ffestiniog narrow gauge railway

Railway

Waterway

  • Broad boat: Used on the broad (14 ft) canals of Britain and towed from the tow path.
  • Flatboat: A canal boat of simple box-shaped design used on nineteenth-century American waterways.
  • Horse-drawn boat: A general term relating to broad or narrow canal boats for passenger or freight carriage.
  • Narrowboat: Used on the narrow (7 ft) canals of Britain and towed from the tow path.
  • Slow boat: A canal boat which used only one team of horses which must stop each night to rest.
A German farmer working the land with horses and plough

Agricultural and other implements

horse-powered earth moving equipment

War vehicles

See also

References

  • Encyclopædia Britannica (1960)
  • Ingram, A. Horse-Drawn Vehicles Since 1760 (1977) ISBN 0-7137-0820-4
  • Oxford English Dictionary (1971 & 1987) ISBN 0-19-861212-5
  • Walker, J. A Critical Pronouncing Dictionary and Expositor of the English Language (1791)

External links

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