Iris revoluta
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Iris revoluta
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Iris revoluta |
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Iris revoluta is a species in the genus Iris, it is also in the subgenus of Iris. It is a rhizomatous perennial, from a small area in Salento, Italy. It has (sword-shaped) or falcate (sickle-shaped) glaucous leaves, tall slender stem with several short branches and 2-4 fragrant flowers in dark violet, purple, violet and pale violet. It is rarely cultivated as an ornamental plant in temperate regions.
Contents
Description
It has horizontal,[1] thick and knotted rhizomes.[2][3]
The ensiform (sword-shaped) or falcate (sickle-shaped) leaves can grow up to between 30–40 cm (12–16 in) long,[1][2] and between 3 cm wide.[2][3] They are green-yellow,[1] or glaucous,[2]
It has a sub-cylindrical,[2] slender stem,[4] or peduncle,[2] that can grow up to between 65–70 cm (26–28 in) tall.[5][6][7] The stem and flowers are taller than the leaves.[2] It has several, short and weak branches,[2][4][5] (or pedicels).[3]
The stem has 2-4,[1] green, long, inflated, spathes (leaves of the flower bud), that are 5–6 cm (2–2 in) long, and (scarious) or membranous at the ends.[2][3] The flowers appear after each spathe or bract.[2]
The stems (and the many branches) hold between 2-4 flowers,[2] usually 1-2 per branch,[3] in late March.[1]
The scented flowers,[2][6][7] come in shades of violet, from dark violet,[2][5] purple,[1][4] violet,[6] and pale violet.[3] Like other irises, it has 2 pairs of petals, 3 large sepals (outer petals), known as the 'falls' and 3 inner, smaller petals (or tepals), known as the 'standards'.[8]:17 The velvet-like falls,[1][2] are obovate, and recurved,[7] revolute (or folded).[1][5] They can reach 7.6–7.8 cm (3–3 in) long and 4 - 4.8 wide.[2][3] In the middle of the falls, is a row of short hairs called the 'beard', which is white,[1] or pale violet and has a yellow tip.[3] The paler standards,[3] are elliptical and narrow at the base, reaching 7.8 cm (3 in) long and 4 cm wide.[2][3]
The 3 style arms are 3 cm long.[3] The perianth tube is funnel shaped, have violet stripes and around 3.8 cm long.[1][2][3] It has a 1.2 cm long filament,1.5 cm long anther and a 2 cm long and oblong-subtrigonal shaped ovary.[2][3]
After the iris has flowered, it produces an oblong-ovate shaped seed capsule, which is 8.6 cm (3 in) long and 3 cm wide. The capsule has 6 slight grooves, along it. Inside the capsule, are oval or sub-oval seeds without arils.[2][3]
Biochemistry
In 2012, a study was carried out on 4 diploid and 7 allopolyploid bearded Iris species. In central Italy, there are a number of Iris species of allopolyploid origin Their leaf flavonoid, isoflavonoid and xanthone constituents were investigated. It found that Iris revoluta had a chromosome number of 2n=40, similar to Iris lutescens Lam., Iris marsica I. Ricci and Colas. (Ricci and Colasante, 1973), Iris bicapitata Colas. (Colasante, 1996) and Iris setina Colas. (Colasante, 1989; 1992).[9]
As most irises are diploid, having two sets of chromosomes, this can be used to identify hybrids and classification of groupings.[8]:18 It has a chromosome count of 2n=40.[1][6][7] Which is the same as Iris setina, Iris bicapitata, Iris lutescens, Iris relicta and Iris revoluta.[10]
Taxonomy
It is sometimes called Iris Salento.[11]
The Latin specific epithet revoluta refers to being rolled back or rolled out,[12] which describes the curled blade of the falls (of the flower).[2][5]
It was originally discovered and collected by Prof. Peter Parenzan,[11] (of the Museum of Marine Biology[13]) on the islet of Mojuso near Porto Cesareo,[14] in the gulf of Taranto, within the Lecce in southern Italy.[2][11]
Specimens of the plant were then sent to Maretta Colasante (from Ricci University of Rome), who studied the plant,[11] and then first published and described it as Iris revoluta by in 'Annali di Botanica', (published in Roma), Vol. 35-36 on pages 155-168 between 1976–77, (published in 1978).[2][15][16]
It is thought the species is of hybrid origin, with no parental species defined, it is also not found anywhere else in Apulia or southern Italy.[5][11] It is also very different to Iris pseudopumila (a yellow flowering iris,[4]) which is the only other iris species present from Central to Southern Apulia.[4][5]
It was also later published and described by Colasante in 'Bulletin of the American Iris Society' Vol.292 on pages 82–85 in January 1994.[2]
It was verified by United States Department of Agriculture and the Agricultural Research Service on 4 April 2003, then updated on 3 December 2004.[16]
It is listed in the Encyclopedia of Life,[17] and in the Catalogue of Life.[18]
Distribution and habitat
Range
It is endemic species of the small islands in the bay of Porto Cesareo,[4] near the city of Lecce,[3] on the peninsula of Salento,[1][19] part of the Apulia region,[5] (known as Puglia in Italy),[20] within Italy.[6][7][15]
It is also found on “Isola dei Conigli” (also known as Rabbit Island), the biggest island near Porto Cesareo.[21]
It is listed as an endemic of Salento with Centaurea japygica (Lacaita) Brullo, Centaurea leucadea Lacaita, Centaurea nobilis (Groves) Brullo, Dianthus japigicus White & Brullo, Limonium japygicum (Groves) Pign. ,Ophrys tardans O. & E. Danesch, Plantago grovesii Brullo and Vicia giacominiana Segelberg[11]
Habitat
It grows on the scrub lands of sandy soils.[1][5]
Conservation
It is a rare species,[19] and under threat of extinction.[1][11] It is protected by the EU Habitats Directive (Annex IV) and the Berne Convention (Annexe I) 1979.[22] It is also listed on the "Red Book of Plants of Italia" and the IUCN regional Red List of Italian flora.[11]
It is rare due to the fact that it does not seem to set seed in cultivation, but in the wild, instead it re-produces vegetatively,[5] (by division).[19]
Cultivation
It can grow very well in normal soil,[5] although it does not seem to grow well in Kew Gardens in London, UK.[3]
It has been cultivated for many years, in the Botanical Garden of the Di.S.Te.B.A., University of Lecce.[19][23] Also known as the University of Salento.[24] It has been studied at the Botanical Garden to investigate the reasons limiting its sexual reproduction,[19] as well as Limoniastrum monopetalum (L.) Boiss, Linum tommasinii Rchb. and others.[23]
It is a plant not generally offered for sale,[1] except in specialist nurseries.[5]
Propagation
Irises can generally be propagated by division.[19][25]
Toxicity
Like many other irises, most parts of the plant are poisonous (rhizome and leaves), if mistakenly ingested can cause stomach pains and vomiting. Also handling the plant may cause a skin irritation or an allergic reaction.[26]
References
- ↑ 1.00 1.01 1.02 1.03 1.04 1.05 1.06 1.07 1.08 1.09 1.10 1.11 1.12 1.13 1.14 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ 2.00 2.01 2.02 2.03 2.04 2.05 2.06 2.07 2.08 2.09 2.10 2.11 2.12 2.13 2.14 2.15 2.16 2.17 2.18 2.19 2.20 2.21 2.22 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ 3.00 3.01 3.02 3.03 3.04 3.05 3.06 3.07 3.08 3.09 3.10 3.11 3.12 3.13 3.14 3.15 British Iris Society (1997)A Guide to Species Irises: Their Identification and Cultivation, p. 56, at Google Books
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ 5.00 5.01 5.02 5.03 5.04 5.05 5.06 5.07 5.08 5.09 5.10 5.11 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ 8.0 8.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ 11.0 11.1 11.2 11.3 11.4 11.5 11.6 11.7 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ D. Gledhill The Names of Plants, p. 329, at Google Books
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ 15.0 15.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ 16.0 16.1 16.2 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ 19.0 19.1 19.2 19.3 19.4 19.5 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Council of Europe (Editors) Biodiversity and Climate Change: Reports and Guidance Developed under the Bern Convention (2012), Volume 2, p. 212, at Google Books
- ↑ 23.0 23.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ David G Spoerke and Susan C. SmolinskeToxicity of Houseplants, p. 236, at Google Books
Other sources
- Mathew, B. 1981. The Iris. 194.
External links
Media related to Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. at Wikimedia Commons Data related to Iris revoluta at Wikispecies