Kinetoplastida
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| Trypanosoma cruzi parasites | |
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Kinetoplastida
Honigberg, 1963[1]
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Kinetoplastea Cavalier-Smith, 1981[2] |
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Kinetoplastida (or Kinetoplastea, as a class) is a group of flagellated protists belonging to the phylum Euglenozoa,[3][4] and characterised by the presence of an organelle called kinetoplast (hence the name). The organisms are commonly referred to as "kinetoplastids" or "kinetoplasts"[5] The group includes a number of parasites responsible for serious diseases in humans and other animals, as well as various forms found in soil and aquatic environments. Their distinguishing feature, the presence of a kinetoplast, is an unusual DNA-containing granule located within the single mitochondrion associated with the base of the cell's flagella (the basal body). The kinetoplast contains many copies of the mitochondrial genome.
The kinetoplastids were first defined by Honigberg in 1963 as the members of the flagellated protozoans.[1] They are traditionally divided into the biflagellate Bodonidae and uniflagellate Trypanosomatidae; the former appears to be paraphyletic to the latter. One family of kinetoplastids, the trypanosomatids, is notable as it includes several genera which are exclusively parasitic. Bodo is a typical genus within kinetoplastida and including various common free-living species which feed on bacteria. Others include Cryptobia and the parasitic Leishmania.
Contents
Taxonomy
Bronislaw M. Honigberg created the taxonomic names Kinetoplastida and Kinetoplastea in 1963.[1] Since then there is no consensus on the use of either of the two as a definite taxon. Kinetoplastea is more widely used as the class.[6][7][8][9][10] While Kinetoplastida is mostly used to designate the order,[4][11][12][13] but is also used as a class.[3][14] Lynn Margulis, who initially accepted Kinetoplastida as an order in 1974, later placed it as a class.[15] Use of Kinetoplastida as an order also creates confusion as there is already an older name Trypanosomatida Kent, 1880, under which the kinetoplastids are most often placed.[16]
Morphology
Kinetoplastids are eukaryotic and possess normal eukaryotic organelles, for example the nucleus, mitochondrion, golgi apparatus and flagellum. Along with these universal structures kinetoplastids have several distinguishing morphological features such as the kinetoplast, sub-pellicular microtubule array and the paraflagellar rod.
Kinetoplast
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The kinetoplast, after which the class is named, contains the mitochondrial genome and is a dense DNA-containing granule within the cell's single mitochondrion. The structure is made up of a network of concatenated circular DNA molecules and their associated structural proteins along with DNA and RNA polymerases. The kinetoplast is found at the base of a cell's flagella and is associated to the flagellum basal body by a cytoskeletal structure.
Cytoskeleton
The cytoskeleton of kinetoplastids is primarily made up of microtubules. These make a highly regular array, the sub-pellicular array, which runs parallel just under the cell surface along the long axis of the cell. Other microtubules with more specialised roles, such as the rootlet microtubules, are also present. Kinetoplastids are capable of forming actin microfilaments but their role in the cytoskeleton is not clear. Other cytoskeletal structures include the specialised attachment between the flagellum and the kinetoplast.
Flagella
All kinetoplastids possess at least one flagellum, species in the order trypanosomatida have one and bodonina have two. In kinetoplastids with two flagella most forms have a leading and trailing flagellum, the latter of which may or may not be attached to the side of the cell. The flagella are used for locomotion and attachment to surfaces. The base of the flagella are found in a specialised pocket structure which is also the location of the cytostome.
Life cycle
Kinetoplastids may be free-living or parasitic. The order trypanosomatida is notable as it includes many genera which are exclusively parasitic. Trypanosomatids may have simple life cycles in a single host or more complex ones which progress through multiple differentiation stages in two hosts. Dramatic morphological changes are possible between lifecycle stages. Diseases caused by members of the order trypanosomatida include sleeping sickness and Chagas disease, caused by species of Trypanosoma, and leishmaniasis, caused by species of Leishmania.
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Cavalier-Smith, T. (1981). Eukaryote kingdoms: seven or nine? Biosystems 14, 461–481.
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Bibliography
- Lumsden, W.H.R. & D.A. Evans (eds.). 1976-1979. Biology of the Kinetoplastida, 2 vols. London: Academic Press.
