Mary Virginia McCormick

From Infogalactic: the planetary knowledge core
Jump to: navigation, search
Mary Virginia McCormick
Photograph of McCormick by William Cunningham Gray, February 17, 1901
Photograph of Mary V. McCormick, 1901
Born Mary Virginia McCormick
(1861-05-05)May 5, 1861
Chicago, Illinois, U.S.
Died Script error: The function "death_date_and_age" does not exist.
Los Angeles, California, U.S.
Resting place Graceland Cemetery, Chicago
Parent(s) Cyrus Hall McCormick
Nancy Fowler McCormick
Relatives See McCormick family

Mary Virginia McCormick (5 May 1861 – 24 May 1941) was a wealthy American philanthropist[1] who donated to humanitarian causes in the United States and Canada in the early twentieth century. She was a member of the McCormick family who had schizophrenia[2] and a reclusive lifestyle.[3][4]

Biography

Childhood and adolescence

Born in Chicago, Illinois[5] on May 5, 1861,[5][6] Mary Virginia McCormick was the eldest daughter[7] of Nancy Maria "Nettie" Fowler McCormick and Cyrus Hall McCormick,[8] the American inventor of the mechanical reaper[9][10] and industrialist[11][12] who founded the McCormick Harvesting Machine Company in 1847.[13][14] She was the couple's second child,[6][8][15] born two years after her brother, Cyrus McCormick Jr.[6][16] 

File:Mary Virginia McCormick in 1872.jpg
Mary Virginia McCormick circa 1872

In July 1862, she sailed with her family across the Atlantic aboard the SS Scotia to Liverpool, England,[17][18] and lived with her mother in London[19][20] while her father toured the United Kingdom, France and Germany to exhibit his farming invention.[20] When the McCormicks returned to the United States in 1864,[21][22] by mid-November[23][24] they occupied a second-floor suite at the Fifth Avenue Hotel[25] in New York City.[5][26]

While staying at the hotel, Mary McCormick and her older brother were infected with scarlet fever that winter,[5][25] an illness that took the life of her younger brother, Robert Fowler McCormick,[5][25] on January 6, 1865.[5][6] At the age of five, she lived at 40 Fifth Avenue[27] in Lower Manhattan after her father purchased the residential property for the family[5][28] in November 1866.[5]

The McCormicks settled in Chicago after the Great Chicago Fire in October 1871,[29][30][31] residing at 62 North Sheldon Street until the spring of 1875[32][33] and then moving to a house on 363 Superior Street.[32][33] Although Mary McCormick was educated by private tutors[34][35] and stayed at private boarding schools away from home,[36] she attended Central High School, a Chicago public school on Monroe Street.[7] In her early teenage years, she displayed musical talent and became a skilled pianist.[15][37]

When the McCormicks visited Europe in the summer of 1878,[38][39] the family addressed her thereafter by her middle name, Virginia.[40] In August,[41] she vacationed with her mother at St. Moritz,[40] a Swiss town near the Albula Alps, while her father featured the reaper at the World's Fair in Paris.[39][42] The pair then rejoined the family at the French capital in October[43][44] and stayed at the Hôtel du Jardin,[44][45] across from the Tuileries Garden.[44] Mary McCormick remained with her parents and younger siblings in Paris until mid-April 1879[46][47] to care for her father[48] as he recovered from a malignant carbuncle on the back of his neck.[49][50] During her stay, she visited museums, historic places, the French opera, performances by stage actress Sarah Bernhardt and a mass at Notre-Dame Cathedral with church music led by composer Charles Gounod.[47]

The family returned to the United States in the summer of 1879.[51] When the McCormicks moved into their new Chicago mansion on Rush Street in late November, she was at a boarding school in New York.[52]

Mental illness

File:Mary Virginia McCormick circa 1890.jpg
Mary Virginia McCormick circa 1890

Mary McCormick exhibited signs of anxiety that worsened throughout her teenage years.[15][37] By the age of 18, she expressed delusional ideas and hallucinated.[15] She had frequent bouts of weeping and frantic praying.[15][37] Episodes of insomnia[37] were marked with incidents of her climbing out of windows[15] and wandering around at night.[15]  

At the age of 19,[2][53][54] she was diagnosed by doctors with dementia praecox.[37][55] Due to her medical diagnosis, doctors declared her as insane[54][56] and mentally incompetent[57][58] in 1880.[58] Her condition became worse after the death of her father[59] on May 13, 1884.[60][61][62] The following August,[63] she stayed at Clayton Lodge, the McCormick family estate in Richfield Springs, New York,[64] and after Christmas,[65] her mother brought her to Philadelphia, Pennsylvania to seek treatment under the care of Dr. Silas Weir Mitchell, a neurologist.[66]

By 1889,[67] she occupied a camp in the Adirondack Mountains[67][68] of upstate New York and a house in the Upper West Side of Manhattan near the Hudson River,[67][68] two dwellings that were provided by her mother[67][68] who had employed a resident physician[67][68] and household attendants to care for her.[68] Grace Thorne Walker, a Canadian-born[69][70] business secretary for the McCormick family,[69] was the head of Mary McCormick's household[71] and served as her nursing companion.[72][73] Cyrus McCormick Jr. negotiated a three-year contract to recruit Dr. Alice Bennett,[71][74] a superintendent at the Norristown State Hospital for the Insane,[71] as Mary McCormick's attending physician in 1896[71][74] but Bennett resigned two years later[71][74] after resident nurses had accused the doctor of morphine addiction.[74]

Mid-life in the United States and Canada

File:Kildare-McCormick House Dec10 01.jpg
Kildare manor in Huntsville, Alabama

In 1897,[2][15][75] Mary McCormick moved to the family estate at Riven Rock in Montecito, California[76][77] and lived there until 1904.[78] She stayed in Asheville, North Carolina[79] in the summer of 1898,[80] which became her winter residence.[81]

The Kildare manor near Oakwood Avenue in Huntsville, Alabama then became her winter home[73][81][82] after her mother purchased the property from industrialist Michael Joseph O'Shaughnessy in 1900.[1][72] She kept a small herd of deer on the estate[83] and maintained a dairy that provided free milk to underprivileged children in Huntsville.[82] On May 5 of each year, an outdoor festival was held on the grounds of her manor for hundreds of invited schoolchildren to celebrate her birthday.[82][84]  

File:De La Salle Heritage House.jpg
Oaklands manor in Toronto, Ontario

Mary McCormick visited Canada in 1904[85][86] and remained in Toronto for months.[86] She noticed the Oaklands manor on Avenue Road during her stay[85][86] and her family bought the property from the family of Senator John Macdonald[87] in November 1905[85][86][88] as a summer residence[88] for her.[86] By 1908, she occupied the estate[89] where her home held indoor gatherings for the Young Women's Christian Association (YWCA),[90][91][92][93] the Woman's Christian Temperance Union (WCTU)[94] and the Women's Christian Medical College.[95][96] The grounds of her manor held outdoor garden parties every June that raised funds for the benefit of the Girl Guides of Canada,[97][98] the Toronto General Hospital[99][100] and the Home and School Association of Brown Public School on Avenue Road.[101][102][103][104][105] In June 1916, her estate had the largest fête ever held in Canada,[106][107][108] a four-day festival[106][107][108] that was opened by Ontario Premier William Hearst[109][110] for the Canadian Red Cross Society[107][108] at the mid-point of the First World War.

She visited Cohasset, Massachusetts in 1910 and leased the Caravels manor on Nichols Road.[111] Fond of music herself,[69][82][111] she accommodated musicians from the Boston Symphony Orchestra during her stay at the manor that year.[111] Her family then acquired the property from industrialist Albert Cameron Burrage the following year[111] as her seaside residence.[112] The Caravels manor served as a layover during her travels between Huntsville and Toronto[113] as the McCormicks made annual family visits to Cohasset at the end of June.[114]  

Later life in California and death

After the death of her mother on July 5, 1923,[115][116] Mary McCormick moved back to California in 1924.[3][4][117][118] The property at 1400 Hillcrest Avenue in Pasadena[119][120] was purchased by the McCormicks from the family of oil magnate Frank Whitney Emery[119] as her primary residence.[121] She was placed under the care of Dr. Adolf Meyer,[122][123] a psychiatrist who was retained in 1927 for five years by her younger sister, Anita McCormick Blaine.[122]

In 1928, the McCormick family acquired a cliffside property in Los Angeles on Alma Real Drive in the Huntington Palisades community near Santa Monica that became her summer home[121] known as the Quelindo manor.[3][4][82][124] Her estate in Toronto was sold to the Brothers of the Christian Schools in 1931 for the purpose of establishing a campus for De La Salle College[125][126] and her manor in Huntsville was sold at auction in 1932 and became a hotel that year.[127]

She hired symphony orchestras to play for her[3][4][119][121] and kept three musicians among her retinue of 30 household servants[3][82][119] as she divided her time between the two California estates.[119] In May 1938, she was ill at the Quelindo manor[128] and unable to attend the wedding of her younger brother, Harold Fowler McCormick, to his nurse, Adah Wilson, that was held at her other home in Pasadena.[128][129]

Bedridden[82] by an illness in her final three months,[4][82] Mary McCormick died at the Quelindo manor on May 24, 1941 at the age of 80.[3][4][82][124][130] Her belongings in California were sold at auction[119][121] and her net worth, after all inheritance taxes and expenses had been deducted, was US$6,550,802 in 1942.[71][130] She was buried with other members of the McCormick family at Graceland Cemetery in Chicago.[131]

Philanthropy

Mary McCormick was endowed with a trust fund[1] that afforded her with the means to support social activities and charitable causes.[1][82] In 1904,[132][133][134] she provided the first settlement house in Huntsville[133] with the opening of Virginia Hall,[82][132][133][135] a fifteen-room community center[133][134] situated in West Huntsville.[132][134][135][136] In Toronto, her donation to the YWCA allowed the charity to open the YWCA Cafeteria in August 1910,[137] a downtown restaurant at 209 Yonge Street[137][138] that offered affordable meals for women.[137]

She pledged a donation to the Toronto Playgrounds Association in 1910 for the purpose of equipping a children's playground in the city.[139][140][141][142] Cottingham Square, a public square[139] near her Toronto home,[140] was the original location for the playground[143][144] but it was too close in proximity to the Canadian Pacific Railway line.[144] The land of the former Grand National Rink on Brock Avenue was purchased by the city of Toronto in December 1910[145][146] which then became the site for the McCormick Playground in July 1911.[147] Her mother and Toronto Mayor George Reginald Geary opened the McCormick Recreation Centre in September 1912[148][149] on the site of the playground at 163 Brock Avenue,[150] a venue where Mary McCormick held annual Christmas parties for 400 children and their parents.[151][152][153] The total of her contribution to the Toronto Playgrounds Association was CA$25,000.[154][155]

File:AAMU McCormick Hall Dec10.jpg
Virginia McCormick Hospital later became Virginia McCormick Hall at Alabama A&M University

During the Jim Crow era of racial segregation in the Southern United States, Mary McCormick funded the construction of a hospital in 1911 at the Alabama State Agricultural and Mechanical College, a black college in Normal, Alabama.[156][157] The Virginia McCormick Hospital cost US$10,000 to build[156] and it was the only hospital for African Americans in Madison County when it opened.[158] She also contributed US$19,000 in the same year to erect the Councill Domestic Sciences Building on the campus,[156] named after the college's founder William Hooper Councill,[158][159] an educator who was a former slave.[159] In February 1916,[160][161] she donated US$5,000 to open a black hospital annex of the Huntsville Infirmary,[160][161][162] an eight-room building[160] that was furnished by her household servants[163] and located across the street in downtown Huntsville from the segregated white hospital.[160][162][163]  

She gave US$17,500 to the Young Men's Christian Association (YMCA) of Huntsville.[164][165] Her aid allowed the Central YMCA to open on Greene Street[165][166] in February 1912[164][165] and the West Huntsville YMCA[82][165] to open on Eighth Avenue[167] in 1915.[167][168] She contributed US$3,000[169] in 1916[170] to erect the West Huntsville School, an eight-room wooden schoolhouse[169][170] on Ninth Street.[169]

Mary McCormick supported the Canadian war effort during the First World War by sending CA$1,500 to the Canadian Red Cross Society,[171] CA$5,000 to the YMCA Red Triangle Fund[172] and 200 pairs of socks to the Ontario Red Cross Sock Fund.[173]

Legacy

Landmarks with her namesake include the following:

File:Virginia Library, McCormick Theological Seminary, Chicago, early 20th century (NBY 911).jpg
Virginia Library at the McCormick Theological Seminary in Chicago
  • McCormick YMCA at 3214 Eighth Avenue in Huntsville,[180] opened from 1915 to 1983.[167]
  • Virginia McCormick Hall at 308 Buchanan Way at Alabama A&M University in Normal, Alabama, first opened as the Virginia McCormick Hospital from 1911 to 1927.[158]

References

Print sources

  • Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  • Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  • Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  • Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  • Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  • Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  • Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  • Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  • Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

Notes

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 Ellis & Drost 2002, p. 13.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 5.6 5.7 Hutchison 1935, p. 128.
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 Roderick 1956, p. 116.
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 Roderick 1956, p. 73.
  9. ↑ Hutchison 1935, p. 360.
  10. ↑ Casson 1909, p. 44.
  11. ↑ Hutchison 1935, p. 361.
  12. ↑ Casson 1909, p. 53.
  13. ↑ Roderick 1956, p. 44.
  14. ↑ Casson 1909, p. 137.
  15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 15.2 15.3 15.4 15.5 15.6 15.7 Rosenberg 2019, p. 168.
  16. ↑ Hutchison 1935, p. 110.
  17. ↑ Hutchison 1935, p. 419.
  18. ↑ Roderick 1956, p. 78.
  19. ↑ Hutchison 1935, p. 421.
  20. ↑ 20.0 20.1 Casson 1909, p. 133.
  21. ↑ Hutchison 1935, pp. 127–128.
  22. ↑ Roderick 1956, pp. 82–83.
  23. ↑ Hutchison 1935, p. 127.
  24. ↑ Roderick 1956, p. 83.
  25. ↑ 25.0 25.1 25.2 Roderick 1956, p. 84.
  26. ↑ Roderick 1956, pp. 83–84.
  27. ↑ Roderick 1956, p. 85.
  28. ↑ Roderick 1956, pp. 84–85.
  29. ↑ Hutchison 1935, pp. 257, 740.
  30. ↑ Roderick 1956, p. 98.
  31. ↑ Casson 1909, p. 152.
  32. ↑ 32.0 32.1 Roderick 1956, p. 114.
  33. ↑ 33.0 33.1 Hutchison 1935, p. 740.
  34. ↑ Roderick 1956, pp. 85, 116.
  35. ↑ Hutchison 1935, p. 673.
  36. ↑ Roderick 1956, pp. 116, 129.
  37. ↑ 37.0 37.1 37.2 37.3 37.4 Fields 2003, p. 40.
  38. ↑ Hutchison 1935, p. 667.
  39. ↑ 39.0 39.1 Roderick 1956, p. 120.
  40. ↑ 40.0 40.1 Roderick 1956, p. 121.
  41. ↑ Roderick 1956, p. 122.
  42. ↑ Hutchison 1935, pp. 665–669.
  43. ↑ Hutchison 1935, pp. 669–670.
  44. ↑ 44.0 44.1 44.2 Roderick 1956, p. 123.
  45. ↑ Hutchison 1935, p. 670.
  46. ↑ Hutchison 1935, p. 674.
  47. ↑ 47.0 47.1 Roderick 1956, p. 127.
  48. ↑ Roderick 1956, pp. 124–125.
  49. ↑ Hutchison 1935, p. 672.
  50. ↑ Roderick 1956, p. 124.
  51. ↑ Hutchison 1935, p. 635.
  52. ↑ Roderick 1956, p. 129.
  53. ↑ Noll 1999, p. 149.
  54. ↑ 54.0 54.1 Fields 2003, p. 156.
  55. ↑ Noll 1999, p. 156.
  56. ↑ Noll 1999, p. 152.
  57. ↑ In re Estate of McCormick, 260 Ill. App. 36 (1931), p. 38
  58. ↑ 58.0 58.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  59. ↑ Roderick 1956, p. 137.
  60. ↑ Hutchison 1935, p. 771.
  61. ↑ Roderick 1956, p. 132.
  62. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  63. ↑ Roderick 1956, p. 143.
  64. ↑ Roderick 1956, pp. 143–144.
  65. ↑ Roderick 1956, p. 145.
  66. ↑ Roderick 1956, pp. 145–146.
  67. ↑ 67.0 67.1 67.2 67.3 67.4 Roderick 1956, p. 178.
  68. ↑ 68.0 68.1 68.2 68.3 68.4 Rosenberg 2019, p. 38.
  69. ↑ 69.0 69.1 69.2 Ellis & Drost 2002, p. 20.
  70. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  71. ↑ 71.0 71.1 71.2 71.3 71.4 71.5 Rosenberg 2019, p. 169.
  72. ↑ 72.0 72.1 Record 1978, p. 108.
  73. ↑ 73.0 73.1 Ellis & Drost 2002, pp. 13, 20.
  74. ↑ 74.0 74.1 74.2 74.3 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  75. ↑ Roderick 1956, p. 198.
  76. ↑ Roderick 1956, pp. 198–199.
  77. ↑ Rosenberg 2019, pp. 38, 168.
  78. ↑ Fields 2003, p. 83.
  79. ↑ Roderick 1956, p. 243.
  80. ↑ Roderick 1956, p. 242.
  81. ↑ 81.0 81.1 Roderick 1956, p. 240.
  82. ↑ 82.00 82.01 82.02 82.03 82.04 82.05 82.06 82.07 82.08 82.09 82.10 82.11 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  83. ↑ Record 1978, p. 154.
  84. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  85. ↑ 85.0 85.1 85.2 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  86. ↑ 86.0 86.1 86.2 86.3 86.4 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  87. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  88. ↑ 88.0 88.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  89. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  90. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  91. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  92. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  93. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  94. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  95. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  96. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  97. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  98. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  99. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  100. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  101. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  102. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  103. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  104. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  105. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  106. ↑ 106.0 106.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  107. ↑ 107.0 107.1 107.2 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  108. ↑ 108.0 108.1 108.2 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  109. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  110. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  111. ↑ 111.0 111.1 111.2 111.3 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  112. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  113. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  114. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  115. ↑ Roderick 1956, p. 315.
  116. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  117. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  118. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  119. ↑ 119.0 119.1 119.2 119.3 119.4 119.5 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  120. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  121. ↑ 121.0 121.1 121.2 121.3 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  122. ↑ 122.0 122.1 Fields 2003, p. 206.
  123. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  124. ↑ 124.0 124.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  125. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  126. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  127. ↑ Pruitt 2005, p. 149.
  128. ↑ 128.0 128.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  129. ↑ Rosenberg 2019, p. 131.
  130. ↑ 130.0 130.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  131. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  132. ↑ 132.0 132.1 132.2 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  133. ↑ 133.0 133.1 133.2 133.3 Record 1978, p. 120.
  134. ↑ 134.0 134.1 134.2 Ellis & Drost 2002, p. 16.
  135. ↑ 135.0 135.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  136. ↑ Record 1978, p. 132.
  137. ↑ 137.0 137.1 137.2 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  138. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  139. ↑ 139.0 139.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  140. ↑ 140.0 140.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  141. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  142. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  143. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  144. ↑ 144.0 144.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  145. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  146. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  147. ↑ 147.0 147.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  148. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  149. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  150. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  151. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  152. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  153. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  154. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  155. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  156. ↑ 156.0 156.1 156.2 Record 1978, p. 144.
  157. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  158. ↑ 158.0 158.1 158.2 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  159. ↑ 159.0 159.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  160. ↑ 160.0 160.1 160.2 160.3 Pruitt 2005, p. 133.
  161. ↑ 161.0 161.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  162. ↑ 162.0 162.1 Record 1978, p. 161.
  163. ↑ 163.0 163.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  164. ↑ 164.0 164.1 Record 1978, p. 145.
  165. ↑ 165.0 165.1 165.2 165.3 Pruitt 2005, p. 129.
  166. ↑ Record 1978, p. 136.
  167. ↑ 167.0 167.1 167.2 Ellis & Drost 2002, p. 17.
  168. ↑ Record 1978, pp. 155, 158.
  169. ↑ 169.0 169.1 169.2 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  170. ↑ 170.0 170.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  171. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  172. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  173. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  174. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  175. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  176. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  177. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  178. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  179. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  180. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  181. ↑ Roderick 1956, p. 248.
  182. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  183. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  184. ↑ Roderick 1956, p. 254.
  185. ↑ Roderick 1956, p. 201.
  186. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  187. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
Retrieved from "https://infogalactic.com/w/index.php?title=Mary_Virginia_McCormick&oldid=726389773"