Alternation (geometry)

Two snub cubes from truncated cuboctahedron
See that red and green dots are placed at alternate vertices. A snub cube is generated from deleting either set of vertices, one resulting in clockwise gyrated squares, and other counterclockwise.

In geometry, an alternation or partial truncation, is an operation on a polygon, polyhedron, tiling, or higher dimensional polytope that removes alternate vertices.

Coxeter labels an alternation by a prefixed by an h, standing for hemi or half. Because alternation reduce all polygon faces to half as many sides, it can only be applied for polytopes with all even-sided faces. An alternated square face becomes a digon, and being degenerate, is usually reduced to a single edge.

More generally any vertex-uniform polyhedron or tiling with a vertex configuration consisting of all even-numbered elements can be alternated. For example the alternation a vertex figure with 2a.2b.2c is a.3.b.3.c.3 where the three is the number of elements in this vertex figure. A special case is square faces whose order divide in half into degenerate digons. So for example, the cube 4.4.4 is alternated as 2.3.2.3.2.3 which is reduced to 3.3.3, being the tetrahedron, and all the 6 edges of the tetrahedra can also be seen as the degenerate faces of the original cube.

Snub

Further information: Snub (geometry)

A snub (in Coxeter's terminology) can be seen as an alternation of a truncated regular or truncated quasiregular polyhedron. In general a polyhedron can be snubbed if its truncation has only even-sided faces. All truncated rectified polyhedra can be snubbed, not just from regular polyhedra.

The snub square antiprism is an example of a general snub, and can be represented by ss{2,4}, with the square antiprism, s{2,4}.

Alternated polytopes

This alternation operation applies to higher-dimensional polytopes and honeycombs as well, however in general most forms won't have uniform solution. The voids created by the deleted vertices in general neither will create uniform facets nor the degree of freedom allows for an appropriate rescaling of the new edges.

Examples:

• Honeycombs
  1. An alternated cubic honeycomb is the tetrahedral-octahedral honeycomb.
  2. An alternated hexagonal prismatic honeycomb is the gyrated alternated cubic honeycomb.
• 4-polytope
  1. An alternated truncated 24-cell is the snub 24-cell.
• 4-honeycombs:
  1. An alternated truncated 24-cell honeycomb is the snub 24-cell honeycomb.
• A hypercube can always be alternated into a uniform demihypercube.
  1. Cube → Tetrahedron (regular)
     • →
  2. Tesseract (8-cell) → 16-cell (regular)
     • →
  3. Penteract → demipenteract (semiregular)
  4. Hexeract → demihexeract (uniform)
  5. ...

Altered polyhedra

Coxeter also used the operator a, which contains both halves, so retains the original symmetry. For even-sided regular polyhedra, a{2p,q} represents a compound polyhedron with two opposite copies of h{2p,q}. For odd-sided, greater than 3, regular polyhedra a{p,q}, becomes a star polyhedron.

Norman Johnson extended the use of the altered operator a{p,q}, b{p,q} for blended, and c{p,q} for converted, as , , and respectively.

The compound polyhedron, stellated octahedron can be represented by a{4,3}, and , .

The star-polyhedron, small ditrigonal icosidodecahedron, can be represented by a{5,3}, and , . Here all the pentagons have been alternated into pentagrams, and triangles have been inserted to take up the resulting free edges.

Alternate truncations

A similar operation can truncate alternate vertices, rather than just removing them. Below is a set of polyhedra that can be generated from the Catalan solids. These have two types of vertices which can be alternately truncated. Truncating the "higher order" vertices and both vertex types produce these forms:

Name	Original	Alternated truncation	Truncation	Truncated name
Cube Dual of rectified tetrahedron				Alternate truncated cube
Rhombic dodecahedron Dual of cuboctahedron			50px	Truncated rhombic dodecahedron
Rhombic triacontahedron Dual of icosidodecahedron			50px	Truncated rhombic triacontahedron
Triakis tetrahedron Dual of truncated tetrahedron			50px	Truncated triakis tetrahedron
Triakis octahedron Dual of truncated cube		50px	50px	Truncated triakis octahedron
Triakis icosahedron Dual of truncated dodecahedron		50px		Truncated triakis icosahedron

See also

• Conway polyhedral notation
• Wythoff construction

References

• Coxeter, H.S.M. Regular Polytopes, (3rd edition, 1973), Dover edition, ISBN 0-486-61480-8
• Norman Johnson Uniform Polytopes, Manuscript (1991)
  • N.W. Johnson: The Theory of Uniform Polytopes and Honeycombs, Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Toronto, 1966
• Weisstein, Eric W., "Snubification", MathWorld.
• Richard Klitzing, Snubs, alternated facetings, and Stott-Coxeter-Dynkin diagrams, Symmetry: Culture and Science, Vol. 21, No.4, 329-344, (2010) [1]

External links

• Olshevsky, George, Alternation at Glossary for Hyperspace.
• Polyhedra Names, snub

Polyhedron operators

Seed	Truncation	Rectification	Bitruncation	Dual	Expansion	Omnitruncation	Alternations
t0{p,q} {p,q}	t01{p,q} t{p,q}	t1{p,q} r{p,q}	t12{p,q} 2t{p,q}	t2{p,q} 2r{p,q}	t02{p,q} rr{p,q}	t012{p,q} tr{p,q}	ht0{p,q} h{q,p}	ht12{p,q} s{q,p}	ht012{p,q} sr{p,q}