Chrysolina
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| Chrysolina | |
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| File:Chrysolina polita01.jpg | |
| Chrysolina polita | |
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Chrysolina
Motschulsky, 1860
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| Type species | |
| Chrysomela staphylea |
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File:Chrysolina5059975.06w.jpg
Chrysolina hyperici
File:Chrysolina quadrigemina6.JPG
Chrysolina quadrigemina
Chrysolina is a large genus of leaf beetles in the subfamily Chrysomelinae. The species Chrysolina cerealis and C. graminis are protected in the United Kingdom. All species of Chrysolina are phytophagous, feeding on specific food plants, and some of them have been used for biological control of weeds. To control Hypericum perforatum (St John's wort), C. hyperici was successfully naturalized in Australia in the 1930s[1][2] and several species, especially C. quadrigemina, were introduced to California in the late 1940s.[2][3][4][5][6]
Systematic classification of European species
- Order Coleoptera
- Suborder Polyphaga
- Superfamily Chrysomeloidea Latreille, 1802
- Family Chrysomelidae Latreille, 1802)
- Subfamily Chrysomelinae Latreille, 1802
- Genus Chrysolina Motschulsky, 1860
- Subgenus Allochrysolina
- Chrysolina fuliginosa (Olivier 1807)
- Chrysolina lepida (Olivier 1807)
- Subgenus Anopachys
- Chrysolina aurichalcea (Mannerheim 1825)
- Chrysolina eurina (Frivaldszky 1883)
- Chrysolina relucens (Rosenhauer 1847)
- Chrysolina schatzmayri (Muller 1916)
- Subgenus Arctolina
- Chrysolina septentrionalis (Menetries 1851)
- Subgenus Bechynia
- Chrysolina milleri (Weise 1884)
- Chrysolina philotesia Daccordi & Ruffo 1980
- Chrysolina platypoda (Bechyne 1950)
- Chrysolina substrangulata Bourdonne 1986
- Subgenus Bittotaenia
- Chrysolina salviae (Germar 1824)
- Subgenus Cecchiniola
- Chrysolina platyscelidina (Jacobson 1898)
- Subgenus Centoptera
- Chrysolina bicolor (Fabricius 1775)
- Subgenus Chalcoidea
- Chrysolina analis (Linnaeus 1767)
- Chrysolina carnifex melanaria (Suffrian 1851)
- Chrysolina carnifex (Fabricius 1792)
- Chrysolina cinctipennis (Harold 1874)
- Chrysolina curvilinea (Weise 1884)
- Chrysolina hyrcana (Weise 1884)
- Chrysolina interstincta (Suffrian 1851)
- Chrysolina marginata (Linnaeus 1758)
- Chrysolina taygetana Bechyne 1952
- Subgenus Chrysolina
- Chrysolina bankii (Fabricius 1775)
- Chrysolina costalis (Olivier 1807)
- Chrysolina fortunata (Wollaston 1864)
- Chrysolina obsoleta (Brulle 1838)
- Chrysolina rufa (Duftschmid 1825)
- Chrysolina staphylaea (Linnaeus 1758)
- Chrysolina wollastoni Bechyne 1957
- Subgenus Chrysomorpha
- Chrysolina cerealis (Linnaeus 1767)
- Subgenus Colaphodes
- Chrysolina haemoptera (Linnaeus 1758)
- Subgenus Colaphoptera
- Chrysolina globosa (Panzer 1805)
- Chrysolina pliginskii (Reitter 1913)
- Chrysolina purpurascens (Germar 1822)
- Subgenus Colaphosoma
- Chrysolina sturmi (Westhoff 1882)
- Subgenus Craspeda
- Chrysolina jenisseiensis (Breit 1920)
- Chrysolina limbata (Fabricius 1775)
- Subgenus Cyrtochrysolina
- Chrysolina marcasitica (Germar 1824)
- Subgenus Erythrochrysa
- Chrysolina polita (Linnaeus 1758)
- Subgenus Euchrysolina
- Chrysolina graminis (Linnaeus 1758)
- Subgenus Fastuolina
- Chrysolina fastuosa (Scopoli 1763)
- Subgenus Heliostola
- Chrysolina carpathica (Fuss 1856)
- Chrysolina lichenis (Richter 1820)
- Chrysolina schneideri (Weise 1882)
- Subgenus Hypericia
- Chrysolina brunsvicensis (Gravenhorst 1807)
- Chrysolina corcyria (Suffrian 1851)
- Chrysolina cuprina (Duftschmid 1825)
- Chrysolina didymata (Scriba 1791)
- Chrysolina geminata (Paykull 1799)
- Chrysolina hyperici (Forster 1771)
- Chrysolina quadrigemina (Suffrian 1851)
- Subgenus Maenadochrysa
- Chrysolina affinis (Fabricius 1787)
- Chrysolina aveyronenesis Bechyne 1950
- Chrysolina baetica (Suffrian 1851)
- Chrysolina femoralis (Olivier 1790)
- Subgenus Melasomoptera
- Chrysolina grossa (Fabricius 1792)
- Chrysolina lucida (Olivier 1807)
- Chrysolina lutea (Petagna 1819)
- Subgenus Mimophaedon
- Chrysolina pourtoyi Bourdonne 1996
- Subgenus Ovosoma
- Chrysolina atrovirens (Frivaldszky 1876)
- Chrysolina cretica (Olivier 1807)
- Chrysolina halysa Bechyne 1950
- Chrysolina orientalis (Olivier 1807)
- Chrysolina rhodia Bechyne 1950
- Chrysolina sahlbergi (Menetries 1832)
- Chrysolina susterai Bechyne 1950
- Chrysolina turca (Fairmaire 1865)
- Chrysolina vernalis (Brulle 1832)
- Subgenus Ovostoma
- Chrysolina globipennis (Suffrian 1851)
- Chrysolina olivieri (Bedel 1892)
- Subgenus Palaeosticta
- Chrysolina diluta (Germar 1824)
- Subgenus Rhyssoloma
- Chrysolina fragariae (Wollaston 1854)
- Subgenus Sphaerochrysolina
- Chrysolina umbratilis (Weise 1887)
- Subgenus Sphaeromela
- Chrysolina varians (Schaller 1783)
- Subgenus Stichoptera
- Chrysolina colasi (Cobos 1952)
- Chrysolina grancanariensis (Lindberg 1953)
- Chrysolina gypsophilae (Kuster 1845)
- Chrysolina latecincta (Demaison 1896)
- Chrysolina kuesteri (Helliesen 1912)
- Chrysolina lucidicollis (Kuster 1845)
- Chrysolina mactata (Fairmaire 1859)
- Chrysolina rossia (Illiger 1802)
- Chrysolina sanguinolenta (Linnaeus 1758)
- Chrysolina stachydis (Gene 1839)
- Chrysolina variolosa (Petagna 1819)
- Subgenus Sulcicollis
- Chrysolina chalcites (Germar 1824)
- Chrysolina oricalcia (Muller O. F. 1776)
- Chrysolina peregrina (Herrich-Schaeffer 1839)
- Chrysolina rufoaenea (Suffrian 1851)
- Subgenus Synerga
- Chrysolina coerulans (Scriba 1791)
- Chrysolina herbacea (Duftschmid 1825)
- Chrysolina suffriani (Fairmaire 1859)
- Chrysolina viridana (Kuster 1844)
- Subgenus Taeniochrysea
- Chrysolina americana Linnaeus 1758
- Subgenus Taeniosticha
- Chrysolina reitteri (Weise 1884)
- Subgenus Threnosoma
- Chrysolina cribrosa (Ahrens 1812)
- Chrysolina fimbrialis (Kuster 1845)
- Chrysolina helopioides (Suffrian 1851)
- Chrysolina inflata (Weise 1916)
- Chrysolina joliveti Bechyne 1950
- Chrysolina obenbergeri Bechyne 1950
- Chrysolina obscurella (Suffrian 1851)
- Chrysolina osellai (Daccordi & Ruffo 1979)
- Chrysolina tagana (Suffrian 1851)
- Chrysolina timarchoides (Brisout 1882)
- Chrysolina weisei (Frivaldszky 1883)
- Subgenus Timarchida
- Chrysolina deubeli (Ganglbauer 1897)
- Subgenus Allochrysolina
- Genus Chrysolina Motschulsky, 1860
- Subfamily Chrysomelinae Latreille, 1802
- Family Chrysomelidae Latreille, 1802)
- Superfamily Chrysomeloidea Latreille, 1802
- Suborder Polyphaga
References
- ↑ W. T. Parsons, E. G. Cuthbertson. Noxious Weeds of Australia. 2nd ed. Collingwood: CSIRO Publishing, 2001. ISBN 0-643-06514-8. P. 389.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 Wilfred William Robbins, Alden Springer Crafts. Weed Control: A Textbook and Manual. N.Y.: McGraw-Hill, 1962. P. 137, 155, 162.
- ↑ Huffaker, C. B. and C. E. Kennett (1959). A ten-year study of vegetation change associated with biological control of Klamath weed. Journal of Range Management 12: 69-82.
- ↑ Peter Jay Morin. Community Ecology. Oxford: Blackwell, 1999. ISBN 0-86542-350-4. P. 106-107.
- ↑ Gilbert Waldbauer. What Good are Bugs?: Insects in the Web of Life. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2003. ISBN 0-674-01027-2. P. 158.
- ↑ Richard E. White. A Field Guide to the Beetles of North America. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1983. ISBN 0-395-91089-7. P. 296.
External links
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