U.S. Route 131

From Infogalactic: the planetary knowledge core
(Redirected from U.S. Route 131 in Michigan)
Jump to: navigation, search

U.S. Route 131 marker

US Highway 131
Lua error in Module:Infobox_road/map at line 16: attempt to index field 'wikibase' (a nil value).
US 131 highlighted in red
Route information
Auxiliary route of US 31
Maintained by INDOT and MDOT
Length: 269.98 mi[lower-alpha 1] (434.49 km)
Existed: November 11, 1926 (1926-11-11)[1] – present
Major junctions
South end: I-80 / I-90 / Indiana Toll Road / SR 13 near Middlebury, IN
  <templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"/>
North end: US 31 in Petoskey, MI
Location
States: Indiana, Michigan
Counties: IN: Elkhart
MI: St. Joseph, Kalamazoo, Allegan, Kent, Montcalm, Mecosta, Osceola, Wexford, Grand Traverse, Kalkaska, Antrim, Charlevoix, Emmet
Highway system
← SR 130 IN SR 134 →
← x20px M-130 MI M-131 x20px →

US Highway 131 (US 131) is a north–south United States Highway, of which all but 0.67 of its 269.98 miles (1.08 of 434.49 km) are within the state of Michigan. The highway starts in rural Indiana south of the state line as a state road connection to the Indiana Toll Road. As the road crosses into Michigan it becomes a state trunkline highway that connects to the metropolitan areas of Kalamazoo and Grand Rapids before continuing north to its terminus at Petoskey. US 131 runs as a freeway from south of Portage through to Manton in the north. Part of this freeway runs concurrently with Interstate 296 (I-296) as an unsigned designation through Grand Rapids. US 131 forms an important corridor along the western side of the Lower Peninsula of Michigan, running through rural farm and forest lands as well as urban cityscapes. Various names have been applied to the roadway over the years. The oldest, the Mackinaw Trail, originated from an Indian trail in the area while other names honored politicians. An attempt to dedicate the highway to poet James Whitcomb Riley failed to gain official support in Michigan.

The first state highways along the US 131 corridor were designated as early as 1919. When the US Highway System was formed on November 11, 1926, US 131 was created along the route of M-13 in Michigan. Originally ending at Fife Lake on the north end, the highway was extended to Petoskey in the late 1930s. Further changes were made, starting in the 1950s, to convert segments of the road to a full freeway. The state started this conversion simultaneously at two locations: heading north from Three Rivers, and heading both north and south from a point in southern Kent County. A third segment was built south of Cadillac and over subsequent years Michigan filled the gaps in the freeway. Cadillac and Manton were bypassed in the early part of the 21st century, resulting in the current freeway configuration. Another large-scale construction project in 2000 rebuilt an unusual section of the freeway through Grand Rapids known as the S-Curve. Two bridges formerly used by US 131 have been labeled by the Michigan Department of Transportation (MDOT) as historic structures; one of them has been listed on the National Register of Historic Places (NHRP).

Plans to further extend the freeway have either been canceled or placed back under study. Upgrades on the north end through Kalkaska ceased to be considered in 2000. South of Three Rivers, MDOT is studying possible upgrades to US 131. One option for these upgrades is a full freeway, an option that was initially rejected. The preferred alternative in 2008 was a two-lane bypass of Constantine that opened in October 2013.

Route description

Running 269.98 miles (434.49 km) in Indiana and Michigan, US 131 in its entirety is listed as a part of the National Highway System,[4][5] a system of roads crucial to the nation's economy, defense and mobility.[6] As a state highway in both states, the roadway is maintained by the Indiana Department of Transportation (INDOT) and MDOT. The Michigan section includes approximately 172 miles (277 km) of freeway between Kalamazoo and Wexford counties.[2]

Indiana

US 131 extends 0.67 miles (1.1 km) through Elkhart County, Indiana, between the entrance to the Indiana Toll Road, a few hundred feet north of the Toll Road overpass, and the state line to the north. State Road 13 (SR 13) runs concurrently with US 131 in this section but is not signposted.[3][7] INDOT surveys the roads under its control on a regular basis to measure the amount of traffic using the state's highways. These traffic counts are expressed in terms of annual average daily traffic (AADT), a calculation of the average daily number of vehicles on a segment of roadway. The 2007 survey reported average daily traffic of 7,949 cars and 2,068 trucks.[8]

Southwest Michigan

File:Constantine MI bridge.jpg
Bridge over the St. Joseph River in Constantine

As a state trunkline highway, US 131 runs approximately 266 miles (428 km) in Michigan, from the Indiana state line north to Petoskey.[2] The highway is an important link between Grand Rapids and the tourist areas of Northern Michigan.[9] The trunkline enters Michigan about three miles (4.8 km) south of White Pigeon, crossing a branch of the Michigan Southern Railroad before meeting US 12 on the west side of the village.[10] The highway passes through rural farmland north to just south of Constantine, where US 131 turns northeastward to bypass the downtown business district, crosses the St. Joseph River and continues north to Three Rivers.[11][12] The stretch of highway between Constantine and the start of the divided highway south of Three Rivers averaged 7,579 cars and 1,045 trucks daily in 2009 according to MDOT, one of the lowest AADT counts for the highway in Michigan.[13]

US 131 runs through a business corridor along the west side of Three Rivers. M-60 runs concurrently along this part of US 131 until the two highways meet the south end of the business loop through town. The main road curves to the northeast as it leaves town, and M-60 turns east to follow Business US 131 (Bus. US 131) into downtown.[11][12] The trunkline runs parallel to a branch of the Grand Elk Railroad.[10] North of the other end of the business loop, US 131 follows a four-lane surface highway through rural farmland in northern St. Joseph County. The highway has at-grade junctions with cross roads, but otherwise has limited access from adjoining property.[12] This arrangement ends on the south side of Schoolcraft, where the highway transitions to follow Grand Street through town. North of town US 131 returns to an expressway as the highway continues through southern Kalamazoo County farmland.[11][12]

After an intersection with Shaver Road, US 131 widens into a full freeway which passes the Gourdneck State Game Area as it enters the Kalamazoo metropolitan area. US 131 meets I-94 southwest of Kalamazoo and picks up the Business Loop I-94 (BL I-94) designation for a couple of miles. This secondary designation leaves the freeway at exit 36 and follows US 131's business loop along Stadium Drive into downtown Kalamazoo near the main campus of Western Michigan University. As the freeway passes the west side of Kalamazoo the environs change to a more forested and semi-residential area. US 131 passes the northern end of Bus. US 131, a freeway spur accessible from the southbound lanes of US 131. North of this partial interchange the freeway crosses into eastern Allegan County.[11][12]

West Michigan

Aerial photograph of
Cloverleaf interchange for US 131/M-6/68th Street in Wyoming

As US 131 passes through the outskirts of Plainwell, it curves to the northeast through a commercial area centered around the interchange with M-89. North of this area US 131 crosses the Kalamazoo River and runs past the US 131 Raceway Park, a dragstrip close to the M-222 interchange near Martin. The freeway continues north through mixed farm and forest land to the residential areas that abut it in Wayland. Further north the highway crosses into Kent County and the southern end of the Grand Rapids metropolitan area.[11][12]

As the freeway continues farther north, and closer to Grand Rapids, it is lined with more commercial and light industrial properties.[12] The unincorporated suburb of Cutlerville lies to the east as US 131 approaches M-6, the South Beltline Freeway, and meets in the largest freeway interchange in West Michigan. Gaining a third lane in each direction, the interchange stretches over a half mile (0.8 km) in width and over a mile (1.6 km) in length[lower-alpha 2] and encompasses 27 bridges and 18 retaining walls.[14] US 131 continues north through the city of Wyoming to the more suburban residential areas near the southern city limits of Grand Rapids north of M-11 (28th Street).[11][12]

File:Along motorcade route 904.jpg
The Gerald R. Ford Museum, next to US 131, on the day of the former president's internment

The freeway continues through the southern end of Grand Rapids, alongside residential areas until Burton Street. A large rail yard abuts the trunkline on the east, and the freeway turns northeasterly on its approach to downtown. At Wealthy Street, the freeway takes a sharp turn to the west to cross the Grand River and immediately turns back north on a bridge structure known as the S-Curve.[11][12] The highest traffic volumes along US 131 are located north of this river crossing. In 2009, MDOT measured an AADT of 107,200 cars and 5,992 trucks through the stretch between Market Avenue and Pearl Street.[13] The trunkline continues past the Gerald R. Ford Museum and the Public Museum of Grand Rapids before the northbound carriageway crosses over, then back under, the southbound lanes, forcing traffic through this stretch to briefly drive on the left.[15] North of I-196, US 131 picks up a second, hidden designation on highway inventory logs called I-296,[16] although the number is not signposted along the road.[11][15] I-296/US 131 continues along the banks of the Grand River into Walker where the hidden I-296 designation turns to the northwest along a series of ramps to I-96 while US 131 curves to the northeast along a bend in the river.[2] As it continues along the river the freeway passes through the unincorporated community of Comstock Park and near to Fifth Third Ballpark, home of the West Michigan Whitecaps local minor league baseball team.[12]

The trunkline turns north, away from the river, as it nears the stadium and passes through the remainder of the northern suburb, changing to a more rural character as the freeway passes through the northern end of Kent County. M-46 joins US 131 from the west at Cedar Springs and the two highways pass into northwestern Montcalm County near Sand Lake. North of Pierson the landscape is dominated by forests. M-46 turns east and leaves the freeway near Howard City while US 131 continues into Mecosta County near the Little Muskegon River.[11][12] The freeway forms the eastern boundary of the Manistee National Forest near the river and north to Big Rapids.[17] Further north M-20 joins the US 131 freeway near Stanwood and the two highways cross the Muskegon River on the way to Big Rapids. The city is served by its own business loop and M-20 turns east off the freeway along Bus. US 131 toward the main campus of Ferris State University. North of Big Rapids US 131 runs through rural Osceola County to a junction with US 10 at Reed City.[11][12]

Northern Michigan

File:Shoe tree Kalkaska, Michigan.jpg
The Shoe Tree north of Kalkaska on the west side of the highway

Passing through rural Osceola County and providing access to rural communities such as Le Roy and Tustin, US 131 approaches the south side of Cadillac in Wexford County. At exit 176, M-55 leaves a concurrency with M-115 and joins the US 131 freeway around the east side of Cadillac. This bypass was built in the early 21st century and the old routing is now a business loop through downtown. M-55 follows the freeway to exit 180 while US 131 continues around the east side of Cadillac and north around the east side of Manton. The lowest freeway traffic counts along US 131, 7,455 cars and 709 trucks in 2009, are on the northeast side of Manton, as the trunkline transitions back to a two-lane undivided highway before meeting the north end of Manton's business loop.[11][12][13]

The two-lane highway runs through the Pere Marquette State Forest and over the Manistee River,[12] crossing the southeast corner of Grand Traverse County. It meets the southern end of M-113 in Walton,[11] where it runs parallel to the Great Lakes Central Railroad.[10] Passing through Fife Lake, US 131 crosses into Kalkaska County and to South Boardman. The area around South Boardman is marked by farmland as the trunkline crosses the Boardman River in the small unincorporated community. The road once again runs parallel to the railroad as it meets M-66/M-72 south of Kalkaska. The three highways join and run concurrently through downtown. North of town M-72 turns west toward Traverse City and US 131/M-66 continues north through farmland into Antrim County.[11][12] About 3–3.5 miles (4.8–5.6 km) north of town, standing on the west side of the road, is the Shoe Tree. A local icon since shortly after the turn of the 21st century, the origins of the landmark are unknown.[18]

The trunkline follows the railroad into Antrim and Mancelona. North of downtown Mancelona M-66 turns north toward Charlevoix and US 131 continues along the Mackinaw Trail, through Alba. M-32 follows US 131 for a half mile (0.8 km) near the community of Elmira. As it continues farther north US 131 enters the Mackinaw State Forest.[11][12] Here, MDOT has calculated the lowest average daily traffic counts of all on US 131: 5,114 cars and 448 trucks in 2009.[13] The highway passes through rural Charlevoix County where the terrain has many rolling hills and begins to descend to Lake Michigan. As the highway enters the southern section of the city of Petoskey it runs along Spring Street passing retail establishments and the Odawa Casino, owned by the Little Traverse Bay Indian Reservation of the Odawa Indians. At the northern terminus of US 131, US 31 turns off Charlevoix Avenue and follows Spring Street to the north.[11][12]

Services

File:Cadillac Rest Area.jpg
Cadillac rest area off northbound US 131

MDOT operates 67 rest areas and 14 welcome centers in the state, all named in honor of retired department employees.[19] Eight of these are along US 131, providing bathroom facilities, dog runs, picnic areas and usually vending machines.[20] The rest areas near Kalamazoo, Rockford, Big Rapids and Tustin serve southbound traffic while those near Morley and Cadillac serve the northbound side of the freeway. The two near Manton and Fife Lake are accessible from both directions.[11] A ninth rest area used to exist near Cutlerville on the northbound side of US 131,[20] but this location was demolished on January 22, 2001, to make way for the interchange with M-6. The department wanted to build a replacement near Dorr, in northern Allegan County, but the plans were canceled in late 2001.[21]

MDOT removed the honoree's name from the Tustin rest area in early 2011. The former employee, Larry Brown, was a district engineer that retired from the department in 1997 after 30 years of service. He pleaded no contest on a sexual assault charge, which prompted MDOT to remove his name from the rest area when notified of his conviction.[19] A new honoree will be chosen by the department's Rest Area Committee.[19]

MDOT has also built carpool lots for motorists along the freeway. There are 21 lots, all but one adjacent to a freeway interchange.[11] The department touts these lots as a way to save money and benefit the environment,[22] and has partnered with a network of local agencies offering Local Rideshare Offices.[23]

History

Early history

Before Michigan became a state, the first land transportation corridors were the Indian trails.[24] The original Mackinaw Trail ran roughly parallel to the route of the modern US 131 from east of Kalkaska to Petoskey.[25] In the 19th century, the Michigan Legislature chartered private companies to build and operate plank roads or turnpikes in the state. These roads were originally made of oak planks, but later legislation permitted gravel as well.[26] Two thoroughfares in the Grand Rapids area, Division and Plainfield avenues, were originally plank roads.[27] The companies were funded through the collection of tolls. The infrastructure was expensive to maintain, and often the turnpikes fell into disrepair as the wood warped and rotted away. Mark Twain once commented that "the road could not have been bad if some unconscionable scoundrel had not now and then dropped a plank across it," after a trip on the Kalamazoo and Grand Rapids Plank Road.[28] By the first decade of the 20th century, only 23 of the 202 chartered turnpikes were still in operation; many companies that received a charter never built their specified roadways. The remaining plank roads were turned over to the state or purchased by railway companies in the early part of the century.[28]

The first state-maintained highway along the path of US 131 was M-13, a designation applied to the road by July 1, 1919.[29][lower-alpha 3] US 131 debuted along with the rest of the initial U.S. Highway System on November 11, 1926,[1] although at the time it was shown on maps from the Michigan–Indiana state line north to the small Northern Michigan community of Acme in Grand Traverse County.[31] The northernmost section of the highway between Fife Lake and Acme was not signposted in the field and the designation ended instead at Fife Lake,[32] about 213 miles (343 km) north of the state line.[33] At the same time, the Michigan State Highway Department (MSHD)[lower-alpha 4] redesignated the remainder of M-13, between Fife Lake and Petoskey, as M-131.[32] Public Act 131 of 1931 allowed the MSHD to take control over the city streets that carried state highways through cities in the state.[36] Until this point, the City of Grand Rapids arbitrarily moved the route of state highways through the city on a regular basis. The department took control of a series of streets and fixed the routing of US 131 through the city after the passage of the act.[37] The highway was shifted between Three Rivers and Constantine to the west side of the St. Joseph River in 1936.[38][39] In late 1938 or early 1939, the MSHD extended US 131 northward over the southern section of M-131. After the changes US 131 turned eastward into Fife Lake and north to Kalkaska and Mancelona before ending in Petoskey. This extension connected US 131 directly to its parent highway, US 31, for the first time.[40] By the end of the 1930s, the MSHD under the leadership of future governor Murray Van Wagoner had shifted emphasis to a program of road improvements designed to make the state's roads "safer and smoother for burgeoning traffic volumes."[41]

In 1940, a new roadway was opened, completing the third side of a triangle between the junction with M-113, Walton Corners and Fife Lake. US 131 was shifted to the new highway and the former routing along the other two sides of the triangle became part of M-113 and M-186.[42] A second realignment opened the following year between Fife Lake and Kalkaska. US 131 no longer turned east along Boardman Road between South Boardman and Lodi. Instead the MSHD rerouted the highway directly to the northeast, from the end of the previous new routing north of Fife Lake to Kalaska.[43] By 1945, a Bypass US 131 was created around the south and east sides of Grand Rapids, following 28th Street and East Beltline Avenue, while the main highway continued to run through downtown unchanged.[44] A decade later, mainline US 131 was rerouted around Grand Rapids over the former bypass route, and Business US 131 (Bus. US 131) was created for the former route through downtown.[45][46] A second business loop was created in Three Rivers, Michigan, after an expressway bypass of the city's downtown was opened in early 1954.[47] Another expressway section was opened between Mancelona and the M-32 junction west of Elmira in late 1956.[48]

Freeway conversion

File:US 131 and Stadium Drive Kalamazoo.jpg
The former cloverleaf interchange between US 131 and Stadium Drive west of Kalamazoo in 2010

By the end of 1957, US 131 had been realigned as an expressway from the Three Rivers bypass to Moorepark. The section of freeway in the Grand Rapids area opened near the southern county line north to 28th Street.[49] This latter freeway segment was extended further south to Wayland by the middle of 1958.[50] By the middle of 1960, the freeway was extended to M-118 in Martin, where traffic used M-118 to connect back to the old routing. The southern end of US 131 was moved to another location on the state line. Instead of running concurrently with US 112 between White Pigeon and Mottville, US 131 ran directly south of White Pigeon to the state line. In the process, the M-103 designation was swapped with US 131.[51]

The MSHD had proposed that the section of US 131 south of Kalamazoo be built as an electronic highway under a bid through General Motors the same year;[52] the testing for such a roadway was ultimately done at Ohio State University instead.[53] Another project, through the end of 1961, extended the freeway south to Plainwell and north into downtown Grand Rapids. This extension was designated as part of Bus. US 131[54] and opened in December 1961. The opening ceremony for the bridge across the Grand River included the state highway commission and the then-Miss Michigan, pulled by a team of sled dogs, to lead the first traffic over the river.[55]

Until the early 1960s, US 131 never left the state of Michigan; the southernmost point was always at the Indiana state line. In 1961, the highway designation was extended to its current southern terminus in rural Elkhart County, Indiana at a connection with the Indiana Toll Road at the request of the state of Michigan. The MSHD asked the Indiana State Highway Department (ISHD)[lower-alpha 5] to extend US 131 farther to reconnect with US 31 in Indiana near Indianapolis. Michigan State Highway Commissioner John C. Mackie said that officials with the IHSD were "receptive to the idea" of a further addition to Indianapolis which would provide a "great benefit to Michigan's tourist industry".[57]

File:Grand Rapids inset, October 1, 1957.png
Inset map from the October 1, 1957, Official Highway Map showing the highway configuration of Grand Rapids at that time

On December 17, 1962, the freeway through downtown Grand Rapids was completed, including the section marked as I-296.[58][lower-alpha 6] The business loop was removed from the freeway when US 131 took its place. East Beltline Avenue was renumbered as an extension of M-44, while 28th Street retains the M-11/M-21 designations it had in addition to US 131. I-296/US 131 runs alongside the Grand River between I-96 downtown and I-196 north of town.[lower-alpha 7] At the end of I-296, US 131 followed I-196 east to the northern portion of the business loop at Plainfield Avenue and followed Plainfield Avenue back to the remainder of its routing north of Grand Rapids.[58] The other end of the freeway was extended south to M-43 on the west side of Kalamazoo. Traffic there is directed along M-43 into downtown to connect with the remainder of the highway.[62]

Freeway construction continued through the 1960s. By the end of 1963, the southern section of freeway was extended to Schoolcraft.[63] The following year, a business loop in Kalamazoo was created. The new loop used a freeway stub on the north and M-43 on the south to connect the main highway to the former routing of US 131 along Westnedge and Park avenues downtown.[64] A discontinuous segment of freeway, south of Cadillac into Osceola County, opened in September 1966.[65] The freeway was extended north from the Grand Rapids area through the Comstock Park area in 1966. That year, the former Grand Rapids Speedrome, a local race car track was closed. Located on North Park Street between the North Park Bridge and West River Drive, the track was in operation from 1950 until it was closed for the freeway construction in 1966.[66] The freeway was extended further to M-57 (14 Mile Road) near Cedar Springs in 1969.[67]

In 1968, the section of expressway near Mancelona was downgraded to a two-lane highway. The original roadway had been left in place when a new parallel carriageway was built in 1956. During the winter months, the original lanes built in the 1920s were closed because the grade of the roadway accumulated additional snow and made it difficult to plow. The MSHD had considered reconstructing the older road to retain the expressway set up, but that would have cost $1.5 million while removing it and permanently reconfiguring the 1956 roadway cost only $170,000 (equivalent to $NaN and $NaN in Error: undefined index "US-NGDPPC" when using {{Inflation/year}}.[[#cite_note-inflation.2Ffn-US-NGDPPC-75|[ 1]]]).[48][68]

The 1970s saw the US 131 freeway expand to north of Grand Rapids. The section between the two M-57 junctions near Rockford and in Cedar Springs opened on September 21, 1973, at a dedication ceremony featuring then-Congressman Gerald R. Ford.[69] By the end of the year, the freeway would be open as far north as Howard City. At the same time, M-46 was realigned to extend south down the freeway to Cedar Springs and west to replace M-57 west of Rockford.[70]

Construction to complete these sections north of Grand Rapids had been delayed in 1967. Before the delays, the MSHD planned to have the gap in the freeway between Grand Rapids and Cadillac completed by 1974.[71] The state even proposed adding the freeway north of Grand Rapids to Petoskey, with a further continuation to Mackinaw City as part of the Interstate Highway System in an effort to receive additional funding in 1968.[72] In September 1972, the US 131 Area Development Association lobbied Congress to "expedite funding and priority for the reconstruction of US 131 in Michigan."[73]

File:US 131 overhead bridge sign, Grand Rapids.jpg
Guide sign mounted to a freeway overpass

The 12.2-mile (19.6 km) section of US 131 freeway south of the Wexford–Osceola county line was opened on November 9, 1976, at a cost of $7.4 million (equivalent to $NaN in Error: undefined index "US-NGDPPC" when using {{Inflation/year}}.[[#cite_note-inflation.2Ffn-US-NGDPPC-75|[ 1]]]).[74] By 1977, the state postponed any plans to complete the freeway north of Cadillac. The department cited rising construction material costs and opposition to the freeway in Petoskey.[75][lower-alpha 8] By the end of the decade, I-296 signs were removed from the section of freeway in Grand Rapids.[77][78] However, the freeway remains listed as a part of the Interstate Highway System.[16]

The next section of freeway opened between Howard City and Stanwood in 1980.[79] Another segment was opened farther north, bypassing Big Rapids by 1984. The former route through town and a section of M-20 were designated as a business loop simultaneously. US 131 followed 19 Mile Road between the end of the freeway and the former routing north of town.[80] The gap was filled in when the freeway segment between Big Rapids and Osceola County was opened in 1986. The section of highway along 19 Mile Road was transferred to the Big Rapids business loop to connect it back to the new freeway.[80] When the expansions ended, in the mid-1980s, it was expected that the US 131 freeway would end at the south side of Cadillac, "perhaps forever".[9] MDOT had ended all consideration of additional freeway mileage in 1981, citing decreased gas tax revenues, decreased traffic and higher construction costs. A 1979 report said that while traffic forecasts showed continued growth, upgrades to existing roads would be sufficient to handle traffic needs.[9]

S-Curve replacement

One of the more unusual sections of the US 131 freeway in the Grand Rapids area is the S-Curve.[81] This section of freeway carries US 131 over the Grand River with two sharp turns in the road, resembling the letter S. The design for this structure was completed in 1952 and placed the freeway on the least expensive land in the area, despite the knowledge that it would someday create issues. This is curious since the City of Grand Rapids appears to be the largest land owner along the obvious alignment between West Fulton Street and Franklin Street South West. As noted by the The Grand Rapids Press in 1981, "the speed limit on the S-Curve must be reduced as low as 25 mph [40 km/h] on some bad-weather days because of the sharpness of the turns and [the] numerous accidents [that] have occurred there."[82]

On December 27, 1999, the state awarded a $85.7 million contract (equivalent to $NaN in Error: undefined index "US-NGDPPC" when using {{Inflation/year}}.[[#cite_note-inflation.2Ffn-US-NGDPPC-75|[ 1]]]) for the replacement of the S-Curve on US 131.[81] Deposits of gypsum under the roadway were dissolving and causing it to settle.[83] A deteriorating bridge also forced the reconstruction of the freeway through the area.[84] Construction began on January 15, 2000,[55] diverting the roughly 115,000 vehicles per day that used the stretch of road to detours through the downtown area.[85] As part of the project, a $1.2 million (equivalent to $NaN in Error: undefined index "US-NGDPPC" when using {{Inflation/year}}.[[#cite_note-inflation.2Ffn-US-NGDPPC-75|[ 1]]]) de-icing system was installed.[86] The system is designed to spray a de-icing fluid on the roadway that would be carried by car tires up to a mile (1.6 km) along the road surface. This fluid is expected to melt ice at temperatures below the −20 °F (−29 °C) at which salt stops working. Unlike salt, the non-corrosive de-icer does not harm the bridge, but it is more costly. The system is designed to be activated manually, or automatically via sensors along the road. However, plowing would still be required on the roadway.[86] The idea behind the de-icing system is to keep the pavement wet and prevent the formation of ice.[87]

Construction delays were caused by river flooding during spring rains. A design mistake meant that one of the bridges in the structure was built a foot (30 cm) too low, and Grandville Avenue was lowered to compensate for the error. Before the opening, MDOT held a ribbon-cutting ceremony on the freeway to allow local residents to walk along the structure on August 12. The first northbound lanes were opened to traffic in mid-August, three weeks ahead of schedule.[85] Lead contractor Kiewit Western, a company whose "employees have been known to work 13-hour days and 100-hour weeks", accelerated their work schedule over the course of the project to compensate for the delays and still finish the venture early.[88] The remaining lanes opened to traffic on October 26, also ahead of schedule. Additional work started after the main roadway opened by closing various ramps for reconstruction. This work also focused on restoring parking lots located under or adjacent to the freeway and testing the de-icing system;[89] the final ramps were opened in early December 2000 and early January 2001.[90] The end result of the construction produced a freeway design that increased the rated traffic speed from 45 to 50 mph (72 to 80 km/h).[83]

Recent freeway extensions

File:M-55 overpass on US 131.jpg
M-55 overpass over US 131 on the Cadillac bypass

MDOT approved a $3.5 billion 10-year transportation plan (equivalent to $NaN in Error: undefined index "US-NGDPPC" when using {{Inflation/year}}.[[#cite_note-inflation.2Ffn-US-NGDPPC-75|[ 1]]]) in 1986 that included an extension of the US 131 freeway north to Manton.[91] Construction started on the Cadillac bypass in 1999,[92] and the first section was opened to traffic in November 2000. This 3.5-mile (5.6 km) southern segment ran from US 131 south of town to M-55 east of downtown. US 131 remained routed through downtown, but M-55 was rerouted to the bypass.[93] Local residents were allowed to use the northern section of the bypass for recreational activities until it was opened to traffic. The full 9.2-mile (14.8 km) bypass around Cadillac was dedicated to Sidney Ouwinga in a ceremony on October 27, 2001, and the road was opened to traffic on October 30, 2001. The former routing through town was redesignated Bus. US 131 at the same time.[94] Ouwinga was a state lawmaker who died in 1991 while serving in the Michigan House of Representatives. He was also a member of the US 131 Area Development Association which promoted further northern extensions of the freeway.[95] The 10.5-mile (16.9 km) freeway expansion[94] north around the city of Manton was opened in 2003. The former routing was redesignated as a business loop at the time.[96] The two bypasses cost $146 million (equivalent to $NaN in Error: undefined index "US-NGDPPC" when using {{Inflation/year}}.[[#cite_note-inflation.2Ffn-US-NGDPPC-75|[ 1]]]) to complete.[94]

Constantine Bypass

Constantine bypass maps
300px
300px
MDOT's planning maps for the bypass
(click to enlarge, north is to the right)

Design plans for the new bridge over the St. Joseph River were announced in January 2011. The expected groundbreaking on the venture was scheduled for February 4, 2013,[97] with planned completion in 2014. Residents in the community were divided over the proposed five-mile (8.0 km) highway. Business owners look to the 3,000 cars and trucks that pass through downtown Constantine each day for customers, traffic that would be diverted around the village by the new roadway.[98] On the other hand, residents that work outside of the small community were looking forward to decreased commute times to their workplaces.[99] The bypass opened on October 30, 2013.[100]

Future

Originally, MDOT and its predecessor agencies had planned to convert US 131 into a freeway all the way to Petoskey. They suggested adding the highway to the Interstate Highway System in the late 1960s, when the federal government took proposals for additions to the network of highways.[72] While further northward extension of the freeway from Manton to Kalkaska and beyond was postponed by the department in the 1970s,[75] and canceled "perhaps forever" in the early 1980s,[9] MDOT made an attempt to revive the extension to Kalkaska in 2000. The proposal was ultimately abandoned when the year's transportation plan was finalized.[101] A bridge replacement project over the Manistee River in 2009–10 ensured the end of further consideration by MDOT of the proposal. According to the local project director, "currently, the department has no plans [to expand the freeway]. Someday it may happen, but not in the foreseeable future."[102]

A southerly extension of the freeway to or near the Indiana state line is still under study. Improvements to the US 131 corridor from Portage to the Indiana Toll Road have been underway for several years and although a late-2005 decision by MDOT to not pursue a new controlled-access route through St. Joseph County seemed to terminate the discussion, public outcry and backlash from local legislators forced the department to re-evaluate its decision.[103] State House Speaker Craig DeRoche was critical of the original decision, citing the economic development benefit such a road would bring to the area in defense of the proposed freeway.[104] The previous "no-build decision" was rescinded in April 2006.[103]

MDOT has begun a project to upgrade a 16.4-mile (26.4 km) segment of US 131 in St. Joseph County,[105] home of one of the most dangerous roadway sections in Southwest Michigan for auto crashes.[106] The final environmental impact statement for the project was published in mid-2008 and the preferred alternative consists of a two-lane road bypassing the village of Constantine. The new highway would maintain access to local roads via at-grade intersections, and the department would maintain jurisdiction of the old route through town.[105][lower-alpha 9] MDOT has stated that present traffic demands do not warrant the cost of a full freeway facility on a new alignment from the Indiana Toll Road to north of Three Rivers,[108] stating that such a project would cost over $300 million (equivalent to $NaN in Error: undefined index "US-NGDPPC" when using {{Inflation/year}}.[[#cite_note-inflation.2Ffn-US-NGDPPC-75|[ 1]]]) to build.[109] Construction plans were placed on hold after an announcement in June 2009 as various proposals around the state, including the Constantine bypass, were shelved until funding issues could be resolved. In total, 137 road and bridge projects totaling $740 million were delayed to 2012 because the state could not match available federal funding to pay for the work.[110]

Memorial designations

US 131 and its predecessors bears several memorial designations in addition to the Sidney Ouwinga Memorial Bypass near Cadillac. One of the oldest is the Mackinaw Trail, named after a former Indian trail that ran from Saginaw to Mackinaw City and Sault Ste. Marie. By 1915, the name was transferred to the roadway that was later numbered US 131.[111] The Mackinaw Trail Association was formed that year to promote an all-weather highway between Grand Rapids and Mackinaw City, using a logo incorporating a trout for the road. The name was to be officially applied to the highway in 1929, but the State Senate did not agree to the proposal. The official endorsement of the name came in 1959, after the opening of the Mackinac Bridge revitalized the idea.[112]

During World War I, households would display a service flag if a family member was serving in the war. A blue star denoted a service member in action, and a gold star symbolized someone who died in the military. In St. Joseph County, the chapters of the Daughters of the American Revolution and the American Legion wanted to honor the local fallen soldiers. Using the flags as inspiration, they planted 100 black walnut and four Norway spruce trees along the road south of Three Rivers. Dedicated on May 4, 1924, this tribute was named the Gold Star Memorial Highway and ran for 1.5 miles (2.4 km) along what is now US 131 south of Three Rivers.[113]

In 1921, the section of highway south of Kalamazoo was named part of the Colgrove Highway. This designation included several other roads in the Lower Peninsula, all named in honor of Philip Colgrove, the first president of the Michigan Good Roads Association. Colgrove was also the Barry County prosecutor and a state senator in the late 19th century. No maps documents the name, although the original law remains in records. The Michigan Legislature proposed a bill in 2000 that would have repealed the 1921 statute naming the Colgrove Highway, but the bill ultimately faded, sparing the name.[114]

In the age of the auto trails, it was common for highways to be named rather than numbered. An attempt to create a trail such as the Lincoln Highway failed in Michigan. School children in 1926 from Anderson, Indiana, wanted to honor James Whitcomb Riley, the poet from the Hoosier State, with a highway that connected the country's summer and winter resort areas. The Michigan segment of the road running through the state was to follow what would later be US 131. The James Whitcomb Riley Association promoted the highway by painting white bands on telephone poles with the name of the road in orange letters during that August and September. However, the road in question was already named the Mackinaw Trail, and the association did not secure permission of the state highway commissioner, as was required by a 1919 Michigan law. The law made it illegal for any "association to delineate or mark any other routes or trails through the State of Michigan... unless the same shall be approved in writing by the State Highway Commissioner."[115] As a result, government officials refused to endorse the association's proposal, and Michigan was excluded from the highway. The efforts of the national association were stunted by the halted progress, and the highway was disbanded by December 1926.[115]

The Michigan Trail, another auto trail from the 1920s, "followed just about every major trunk line at that time in the Lower Peninsula and covered over a thousand miles [1,600 km] of state highways."[116] The Michigan Trail started in Toledo, Ohio, and ran to Detroit; its branches extended to New Buffalo, Grand Rapids, and Port Huron. Other segments included US 131 between Kalamazoo and Petoskey, US 31 between New Buffalo and the Straits of Mackinac and a route between Port Huron and Big Rapids. The highway failed as a concept because it lacked focus, and many of the segments of roadway had already assigned names.[116]

The most recent name applied to US 131 is related to the first. Enacted in 2004, Public Act 138 added an additional name to the Mackinaw Trail from the M-66 junction near Kalkaska to Petoskey,[117] the "Green Arrow Route-Mackinaw Trail".[111] Residents of the state have questioned the wisdom of having a "compound road name whose signboards [would] be nearly as long as the highway itself."[118]

Historic bridges

MDOT maintains a listing of historic bridges that includes two which formerly carried US 131. In 1913, the State Trunk Line Act required the highway department to build and maintain bridges at the state's expense if they were included in the nascent highway system.[119] Among the first of these state-built structures is the Division Avenue–Plaster Creek Bridge in Grand Rapids. The crossing is listed on the NHRP for its architectural and engineering significance.[120] Built as Trunk Line Bridge No. 3 over Plaster Creek in 1914 by the MSHD, the span cost just over $6,000.[121] Division Avenue carried US 131 until the construction of the freeway through Grand Rapids in the 1960s. The bridge, a filled spandrel arch design, is 50-foot-long (15 m), and was modified in 1935 to widen its deck from 28 feet (8.5 m) to the current 43 feet (13 m).[121] The structure was added to the NRHP on December 17, 1999.[120]

The second bridge listed by MDOT is the crossing of the Little Muskegon River for 190th Avenue in southern Mecosta County. Like the Plaster Creek bridge, this structure was also built by the MSHD under the Trunk Line Act of 1913. Built in 1916–17 the 45-foot-long (14 m), 18-foot-wide (5.5 m), concrete through-girder bridge cost around $10,000 to build. It was initially named Trunk Line Bridge No. 61.[122] The span is the oldest concrete girder bridge designed by the MSHD.[123] US 131 followed 190th Avenue over the river until a realignment shifted the highway to another route in 1927.[124][125]

Exit list

County Location mi[lower-alpha 10] km Exit Destinations Notes
Elkhart York Township 0.00 0.00 I-80 / I-90 / Indiana Toll Road
SR 13 south		 Roadway continues south as SR 13; southern end of SR 13 concurrency to state line
  0.67
0.000		 1.08
0.000		 Indiana–Michigan state line
St. Joseph White Pigeon 2.881 4.637 US 12 – Niles, Coldwater
Constantine Township 4.352 7.004
Bus. US 131 north – Constantine		 Southern terminus of Bus. US 131
8.540 13.744
Bus. US 131 south – Constantine		 Northern terminus of Bus. US 131
Fabius Township 12.156 19.563 Southern end of divided highway
12.419–
12.718		 19.986–
20.468		 M-60 west – Niles Southern end of M-60 concurrency
Three Rivers 13.596 21.881
Bus. US 131 north / M-60 east to M-86		 Northern end of M-60 concurrency; southern terminus of Bus. US 131
15.815 25.452
Bus. US 131 south		 Northern terminus of Bus. US 131
Park Township 22.479 36.176 M-216 – Marcellus Eastern terminus of M-216
Kalamazoo Portage 27.837 44.799 Northern end of divided highway
Southern end of freeway
31.606 50.865 31 Centre Avenue – Portage
34.292–
34.310		 55.188–
55.217		 34 I-94 – Detroit, Chicago
BL I-94 east		 Southern end of BL I-94 concurrency; signed as exits 34A (east) and 34B (west) northbound
Oshtemo Township 36.601 58.904 36
BL I-94 east / Bus. US 131 north (Stadium Drive) – Kalamazoo, Oshtemo		 Northern end of BL I-94 concurrency; signed as BL I-94/Bus. US 131 only northbound, signed as Stadium Drive only southbound; southern terminus of Bus. US 131
38.580 62.088 38 M-43 – Kalamazoo, South Haven Signed as exits 38A (east) and 38B (west)
40.894 65.813 41
Bus. US 131 south – Downtown Kalamazoo		 Southbound exit and northbound entrance; northern terminus of Bus. US 131
Alamo Township 44.194 71.123 44 D Avenue
Allegan Plainwell 49.278 79.305 49 M-89 – Plainwell, Otsego, Allegan Signed as exits 49A (east) and 49B (west); Allegan signed northbound only, Otsego signed southbound only
Gun Plain Township 50.353 81.035 50 106th Avenue Southbound exit and northbound entrance
Martin Township 55.397 89.153 55 M-222 west – Martin, Allegan Eastern terminus of M-222; Allegan signed southbound only
Hopkins–Watson–
Martin–Wayland
township quadri-point		 59.357 95.526 59 Shelbyville
Wayland Township 61.867 99.565 61 M-179 east – Bradley
A-42 west – Hopkins		 Western terminus of M-179; eastern terminus of A-42
Wayland 64.885 104.422 64 135th Avenue – Wayland
Dorr Township 68.544 110.311 68 142nd Avenue – Dorr, Moline
Kent Byron Township 72.564 116.780 72 100th Street
74.573 120.014 74 84th Street – Byron Center
75.601 121.668 75 76th Street
76.259 122.727 76 68th Street – Cutlerville Exits 76 and 77 are connected northbound
77.198–
77.218		 124.238–
124.270		 77 M-6 – Holland, Lansing
Wyoming 78.400 126.173 78 54th Street
79.670 128.216 79 44th Street – Kentwood, Grandville
80.685 129.850 80 36th Street
81.693 131.472 81 M-11 (28th Street) – Wyoming
Grand Rapids 82.733 133.146 82 Burton Street Signed as exits 82A (east) and 82B (west) southbound and exit 82A northbound
83.151 133.819 82B Hynes Avenue Northbound exit only
83.711 134.720 83A Hall Street
84.231 135.557 83B BS I-196 west (Franklin Street)
84.769 136.422 84A Wealthy Street Left exit northbound
84.962 136.733 84B
Bus. US 131 north		 Northbound exit and southbound entrance; southern terminus of Bus. US 131
85.195 137.108 85A Market Avenue Southbound exit and northbound entrance
85.681 137.890 85B Pearl Street
86.119–
86.129		 138.595–
138.611		 86 I-196 (G.R. Ford Freeway) / I-296 – Lansing, Holland Signed as exits 86A (east) and 86B (west); southern end of unsigned I-296 concurrency
86.944 139.923 87
Bus. US 131 south (Leonard Street)		 Signed as Leonard Street only northbound; northern terminus of Bus. US 131
87.695 141.131 88 Ann Street
Walker 88.777–
89.570		 142.873–
144.149		 89 I-96 / M-37 / I-296 – Lansing, Muskegon Signed as exits 89A (east) and 89B (west) southbound; left exit northbound; northern end of unsigned I-296 concurency
Plainfield Township 90.982 146.421 91 West River Drive – Comstock Park
94.946 152.801 95 Post Drive – Belmont
Plainfield–Algoma township line 97.286 156.567 97 10 Mile Road – Rockford
Algoma Township 101.743 163.739 101 M-57 east – Greenville
B-72 west – Sparta		 Western terminus of M-57; eastern terminus of B-72
Solon Township 104.799 168.658 104 M-46 west – Muskegon, Cedar Springs Southern end of M-46 concurrency
Kent–Montcalm county line Nelson–Pierson township line 110.414 177.694 110 Sand Lake
Montcalm Pierson Township 114.006 183.475 114 Pierson
Reynolds Township 118.099 190.062 118 M-82 west – Howard City, Newaygo Eastern terminus of M-82
120.311 193.622 120 M-46 east – Saginaw Northern end of M-46 concurrency
Mecosta Aetna Township 125.054 201.255 125 Jefferson Road – Morley
Mecosta Township 131.569 211.740 131 M-20 west – White Cloud Southern end of M-20 concurrency
Big Rapids Township 139.019 223.729 139
Bus. US 131 north / M-20 east – Big Rapids		 Northern end of M-20 concurrency; signposted as M-20 only southbound; southern terminus of Bus. US 131
Green Charter Township 142.968 230.085 142
Bus. US 131 south – Big Rapids
B-96 west (19 Mile Road)		 Signed as B-96 only northbound; eastern terminus of B-96; northern terminus of Bus. US 131
Osceola Richmond Township 153.126 246.432 153 US 10 – Ludington, Clare
Lincoln Township 159.226 256.249 159 11 Mile Road – Ashton
Le Roy Township 162.326 261.238 162 14 Mile Road – Le Roy, Luther
Burdell Township 168.423 271.051 168 20 Mile Road – Tustin
Wexford Clam Lake Township 176.467 283.996 176 M-115 (M-55 west) – Frankfort, Clare Southern end of M-55 concurrency
177.733 286.034 177
Bus. US 131 north – Cadillac		 Signed as Cadillac only southbound; southern terminus of Bus. US 131
Cadillac–Haring Township line 180.970 291.243 180 M-55 east – Lake City Northern end of M-55 concurrency
Haring Township 182.940 294.413 183
Bus. US 131 south (Boon Road) – Cadillac		 Signed as Boon Road only northbound; northern terminus of Bus. US 131
Cedar Creek Township 191.870 308.785 191 M-42 (Bus. US 131 north) – Lake City, Manton Bus. US 131 north not signed; southern terminus of Bus. US 131
Liberty Township 196.370 316.027 Northern end of freeway
196.564 316.339
Bus. US 131 south – Manton		 Northern terminus of Bus. US 131
Grand Traverse Fife Lake Township 200.719 323.026 M-113 west – Kingsley
Fife Lake 204.703 329.438 M-186
Kalkaska Kalkaska Township 217.863 350.617 M-66 south / M-72 east – Lake City, Grayling Southern end of M-66/M-72 concurrency
Kalkaska 219.867 353.842 M-72 west – Traverse City Northern end of M-72 concurrency
Antrim Mancelona 232.463 374.113 M-88 west – Bellaire
C-38 (Mancelona Road) – Gaylord		 Eastern terminus of M-88; western terminus of C-38
Mancelona Township 233.267 375.407 M-66 – Charlevoix Northern end of M-66 concurrency
Alba 239.168 384.904 C-42 east (Alba Road) – Gaylord Eastern terminus of C-42
Warner Township 246.684–
247.244		 396.999–
397.901		 M-32 – East Jordan, Gaylord Short concurrency with M-32
Charlevoix Boyne Falls 254.759 409.995 M-75 north / C-48 west – Boyne City Southern end of C-48 concurrency; southern terminus of M-75
Boyne Valley Township 254.974 410.341 C-48 east Northern end of C-48 concurrency
Walloon Lake 261.489 420.826 M-75 south – Walloon Lake, Boyne City
C-81 north		 Northern terminus of M-75; southern terminus of C-81
Emmet Petoskey 269.313 433.417 US 31 / LMCT – Charlevoix, Mackinaw City
1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ Total mileage is a summation of the state mileages.[2][3]
  2. ↑ As measured by mainline freeway lane lengths.
  3. ↑ The first state highways in Michigan were signposted in 1919.[30]
  4. ↑ The Michigan State Highway Department was reorganized into the Michigan Department of State Highways and Transportation on August 23, 1973,[34] and the name was later shortened to its current form in 1978.[35]
  5. ↑ The Indiana State Highway Department, later the Indiana Department of Highways, was merged into the Indiana Department of Transportation in 1989.[56]
  6. ↑ Unlike the rest of US 131, the section that is officially I-296 was funded by the federal government as a part of the Interstate Highway System because it was constructed and included in the system before 1978. The Surface Transportation Assistance Act of 1978 provided that all Interstate construction authorized under previous amendments to the system would be funded by the federal government but additional highway mileage added under 23 U.S.C. § 103(c)(4)(A) would not be funded from the same highway fund.[59][60]
  7. ↑ At the time, I-96 was the designation for the Benton Harbor–Grand Rapids–Detroit freeway and I-196 was in use on the Muskegon–Grand Rapids freeway. The two Interstate designations were later flipped from the split near Grand Rapids in 1963.[61]
  8. ↑ Resort patrons in the Petoskey area had opposed a freeway in the area since 1957 based on concerns over an increase in traffic such a road could bring to the area, diminishing the area's "exclusivity"[76] from a "deluge of tourists".[75]
  9. ↑ The American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials, which is in charge of US Highway numbering assignments and routings, approved the relocation of the US 131 designation out of Constantine on November 16, 2012. The group's Special Committee on U.S. Route Numbering also approved the creation of a business route for the old highway through town.[107]
  10. ↑ Milepost numbers reset at the Indiana–Michigan state line crossing.[2][3]

References

Footnotes

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 McNichol (2006), p. 74.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  4. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  5. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  6. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  7. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  8. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 9.3 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  11. ↑ 11.00 11.01 11.02 11.03 11.04 11.05 11.06 11.07 11.08 11.09 11.10 11.11 11.12 11.13 11.14 11.15 11.16 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  12. ↑ 12.00 12.01 12.02 12.03 12.04 12.05 12.06 12.07 12.08 12.09 12.10 12.11 12.12 12.13 12.14 12.15 12.16 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 13.2 13.3 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  14. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  17. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  18. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  19. ↑ 19.0 19.1 19.2 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  20. ↑ 20.0 20.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  21. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  22. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  23. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  24. ↑ Morrison (1937), p. 1.
  25. ↑ Mason (1959), p. 18.
  26. ↑ Morrison (1937), pp. 7–8.
  27. ↑ Mason (1980), p. 3.
  28. ↑ 28.0 28.1 Mason (1980), p. 4.
  29. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  30. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  31. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  32. ↑ 32.0 32.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  33. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  34. ↑ Kulsea & Shawver (1980), p. 27.
  35. ↑ Kulsea & Shawver (1980), pp. 30–1.
  36. ↑ Public Act 131 of 1931. Michigan Legislature.
  37. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  38. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  39. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  40. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  41. ↑ Kulsea & Shawver (1980), p. 16.
  42. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  43. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  44. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  45. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  46. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  47. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  48. ↑ 48.0 48.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  49. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  50. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. (Includes all changes through July 1, 1958)
  51. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. (Includes all changes through July 1, 1960)
  52. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  53. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  54. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  55. ↑ 55.0 55.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  56. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  57. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  58. ↑ 58.0 58.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  59. ↑ Surface Transportation Assistance Act of 1978. Pub.L. 99–599
  60. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  61. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  62. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  63. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  64. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  65. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  66. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  67. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  68. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  69. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  70. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  71. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  72. ↑ 72.0 72.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  73. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  74. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  75. ↑ 75.0 75.1 75.2 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  76. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  77. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  78. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  79. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  80. ↑ 80.0 80.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  81. ↑ 81.0 81.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  82. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  83. ↑ 83.0 83.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  84. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  85. ↑ 85.0 85.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  86. ↑ 86.0 86.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  87. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  88. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  89. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  90. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  91. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  92. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  93. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  94. ↑ 94.0 94.1 94.2 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  95. ↑ Barnett (2004), p. 200.
  96. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  97. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  98. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  99. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  100. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  101. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  102. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  103. ↑ 103.0 103.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  104. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  105. ↑ 105.0 105.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  106. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  107. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  108. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  109. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  110. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  111. ↑ 111.0 111.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  112. ↑ Barnett (2004), p. 138.
  113. ↑ Barnett (2004), pp. 91–2.
  114. ↑ Barnett (2004), pp. 58–9.
  115. ↑ 115.0 115.1 Barnett (2004), pp. 118–9.
  116. ↑ 116.0 116.1 Barnett (2004), p. 157.
  117. ↑ Barnett (2004), pp. 138–9.
  118. ↑ Barnett (2004), p. 139.
  119. ↑ Hyde (1993), p. 35.
  120. ↑ 120.0 120.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  121. ↑ 121.0 121.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  122. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  123. ↑ Hyde (1993), p. 132.
  124. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  125. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

Works cited

  • Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  • Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  • Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  • Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  • Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  • Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  • Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

External links

Script error: No such module "Attached KML".


Cite error: <ref> tags exist for a group named "", but no corresponding <references group=""/> tag was found, or a closing </ref> is missing

Retrieved from "https://infogalactic.com/w/index.php?title=U.S._Route_131&oldid=3136289"