1936 United States presidential election

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1936 United States presidential election

← 1932 November 3, 1936 1940 →

531 electoral votes of the Electoral College
266 electoral votes needed to win
Turnout 61.0%[1] Increase 4.1 pp
  x200px LandonPortr.jpg
Nominee Franklin D. Roosevelt Alf Landon
Party Democratic Republican
Home state New York Kansas
Running mate John Nance Garner Frank Knox
Electoral vote 523 8
States carried 46 2
Popular vote 27,747,636 16,679,543
Percentage 60.8% 36.5%

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About this image
Presidential election results map. Blue denotes those won by Roosevelt/Garner, red denotes states won by Landon/Knox. Numbers indicate the number of electoral votes allotted to each state.

President before election

Franklin D. Roosevelt
Democratic

Elected President

Franklin D. Roosevelt
Democratic

The 1936 United States presidential election was the 38th quadrennial presidential election, held on Tuesday, November 3, 1936. In the midst of the Great Depression, incumbent Democratic President Franklin D. Roosevelt defeated Republican Governor Alf Landon of Kansas. Roosevelt won the highest share of the popular and electoral vote since the largely uncontested 1820 election. The sweeping victory consolidated the New Deal Coalition in control of the Fifth Party System.[2]

Roosevelt and Vice President John Nance Garner were re-nominated without opposition. With the backing of party leaders, Landon defeated progressive Senator William Borah at the 1936 Republican National Convention to win his party's presidential nomination. The populist Union Party nominated Congressman William Lemke for president.

The election took place as the Great Depression entered its eighth year. Roosevelt was still working to push the provisions of his New Deal economic policy through Congress and the courts. However, the New Deal policies he had already enacted, such as Social Security and unemployment benefits, had proven to be highly popular with most Americans. Landon, a political moderate, accepted much of the New Deal but criticized it for waste and inefficiency.

Although some political pundits predicted a close race, Roosevelt went on to win the greatest electoral landslide since the beginning of the two-party system in the 1850s. Roosevelt took 60.8% of the popular vote, while Landon won 36.5% and Lemke won just under 2%. Roosevelt carried every state except Maine and Vermont, which together cast eight electoral votes. By winning 523 electoral votes, Roosevelt received 98.49% of the electoral vote total, which remains the highest percentage of the electoral vote won by any candidate since 1820. Roosevelt also won the highest share of the popular vote since 1820, though Lyndon Johnson would later win a slightly higher share of the popular vote in the 1964 United States Presidential Election. Roosevelt won the second highest number of electoral votes to date, while Ronald Reagan won a slightly higher number of votes in the 1984 United States Presidential Election.

Nominations

Democratic Party nomination

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Democratic Party Ticket, 1936
Franklin D. Roosevelt John Nance Garner
for President for Vice President
32nd
President of the United States
(1933–1945)
32nd
Vice President of the United States
(1933–1941)
Campaign

Before his assassination, there was a challenge from Louisiana Senator Huey Long. But, due to his untimely death, President Roosevelt faced only one primary opponent other than various favorite sons. Henry Skillman Breckinridge, an anti-New Deal lawyer from New York, filed to run against Roosevelt in four primaries. Breckinridge's challenge of the popularity of the New Deal among Democrats failed miserably. In New Jersey, President Roosevelt did not file for the preference vote and lost that primary to Breckinridge, even though he did receive 19% of the vote on write-ins. Roosevelt's candidates for delegates swept the race in New Jersey and elsewhere. In other primaries, Breckinridge's best showing was 15% in Maryland. Overall, Roosevelt received 93% of the primary vote, compared to 2% for Breckinridge.[3]

The Democratic Party Convention was held in Philadelphia between July 23 and 27. The delegates unanimously re-nominated incumbents President Roosevelt and Vice-President John Nance Garner. At Roosevelt's request, the two-thirds rule, which had given the South a de facto veto power, was repealed.

The balloting
Presidential ballot Vice-presidential ballot
Franklin D. Roosevelt 1100 John Nance Garner 1100

Republican Party nomination

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Republican Party Ticket, 1936
Alf Landon Frank Knox
for President for Vice President
LandonPortr.jpg
Fknox.jpg
26th
Governor of Kansas
(1933–1937)
Publisher of the
Chicago Daily News
(1931–1940)
Campaign
Republican primaries by state results

The 1936 Republican National Convention was held in Cleveland, Ohio, between June 9 and 12. Although many candidates sought the Republican nomination, only two, Governor Landon and Senator William Borah from Idaho, were considered to be serious candidates. While favorite sons County Attorney Earl Warren from California, Governor Warren Green of South Dakota, and Stephen A. Day from Ohio won their respective primaries, the seventy-year-old Borah, a well-known progressive and "insurgent," won the Wisconsin, Nebraska, Pennsylvania, West Virginia, and Oregon primaries, while also performing quite strongly in Knox's Illinois and Green's South Dakota. The party machinery, however, almost uniformly backed Landon, a wealthy businessman and centrist, who won primaries in Massachusetts and New Jersey and dominated in the caucuses and at state party conventions.

With Knox withdrawing to become Landon's selection for vice-president (after the rejection of New Hampshire Governor Styles Bridges) and Day, Green, and Warren releasing their delegates, the tally at the convention was as follows:

  • Alf Landon 984
  • William Borah 19

Other nominations

Many people, most significantly Democratic National Committee Chairman James Farley,[4] expected Huey Long, the colorful Democratic senator from Louisiana, to run as a third-party candidate with his "Share Our Wealth" program as his platform. Polls made during 1934 and 1935 suggested Long could have won between six[5] and seven million[6] votes, or approximately fifteen percent of the actual number cast in the 1936 election.

However, Long was assassinated in September 1935. Some historians, including Long biographer T. Harry Williams, contend that Long had never, in fact, intended to run for the presidency in 1936. Instead, he had been plotting with Father Charles Coughlin, a Catholic priest and populist talk radio personality, to run someone else on the soon-to-be-formed "Share Our Wealth" Party ticket. According to Williams, the idea was that this candidate would split the left-wing vote with President Roosevelt, thereby electing a Republican president and proving the electoral appeal of Share Our Wealth. Long would then wait four years and run for president as a Democrat in 1940.

Prior to Long's death, leading contenders for the role of the sacrificial 1936 candidate included Idaho Senator William Borah, Montana Senator and running mate of Robert La Follette in 1924 Burton K. Wheeler, and Governor Floyd B. Olson of the Minnesota Farmer–Labor Party. After Long's assassination, however, the two senators lost interest in the idea, while Olson was diagnosed with terminal stomach cancer.

Father Coughlin, who had allied himself with Dr. Francis Townsend, a left-wing political activist who was pushing for the creation of an old-age pension system, and Rev. Gerald L. K. Smith, was eventually forced to run Representative William Lemke (R-North Dakota) as the candidate of the newly created "Union Party". Lemke, who lacked the charisma and national stature of the other potential candidates, fared poorly in the election, barely managing two percent of the vote, and the party was dissolved the following year.

William Dudley Pelley, Chief of the Silver Shirts Legion, ran on the ballot for the Christian Party in Washington State, but won fewer than two thousand votes.

Earl Browder ran for the Communist Party (CPUSA).

Pre-election polling

This election is notable for The Literary Digest poll, which was based on ten million questionnaires mailed to readers and potential readers; 2.27 million were returned. The Literary Digest had correctly predicted the winner of the last 5 elections, and announced in its October 31 issue that Landon would be the winner with 57.1% of the vote and 370 electoral votes.

The cause of this mistake has often been attributed to improper sampling: more Republicans subscribed to the Literary Digest than Democrats, and were thus more likely to vote for Landon than Roosevelt. Indeed, every other poll made at this time predicted Roosevelt would win, although most expected him to garner no more than 360 electoral votes.[7] However, a 1976 article in The American Statistician demonstrates that the actual reason for the error was that the Literary Digest relied on voluntary responses. As the article explains, the 2.27 million "respondents who returned their questionnaires represented only that subset of the population with a relatively intense interest in the subject at hand, and as such constitute in no sense a random sample ... it seems clear that the minority of anti-Roosevelt voters felt more strongly about the election than did the pro-Roosevelt majority."[8] A more detailed study in 1988 showed that both the initial sample and non-response bias were contributing factors, and that the error due to the initial sample taken alone would not have been sufficient to predict the Landon victory.[9]

The magnitude of the error by the Literary Digest (19.6% in the popular vote v Roosevelt) destroyed the magazine's credibility, and it folded within 18 months of the election.

That same year, George Gallup, an advertising executive who had begun a scientific poll, predicted that Roosevelt would win the election based on a quota sample of 50,000 people, while the Literary Digest would incorrectly predict these results.

His correct predictions made public opinion polling a critical element of elections for journalists, and indeed for politicians. The Gallup Poll would become a staple of future presidential elections, and remains one of the most prominent election polling organizations.

Campaign

Election poster in Manchester, NH

Landon proved to be an ineffective campaigner who rarely traveled. Most of the attacks on FDR and Social Security were developed by Republican campaigners rather than Landon himself. In the two months after his nomination he made no campaign appearances. Columnist Westbrook Pegler lampooned, "Considerable mystery surrounds the disappearance of Alfred M. Landon of Topeka, Kansas ... The Missing Persons Bureau has sent out an alarm bulletin bearing Mr. Landon's photograph and other particulars, and anyone having information of his whereabouts is asked to communicate direct with the Republican National Committee."

Landon respected and admired Roosevelt and accepted most of the New Deal but objected that it was hostile to business and involved too much waste and inefficiency. Late in the campaign, Landon accused Roosevelt of corruption – that is, of acquiring so much power that he was subverting the Constitution:

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The President spoke truly when he boasted ... "We have built up new instruments of public power." He spoke truly when he said these instruments could provide "shackles for the liberties of the people ... and ... enslavement for the public". These powers were granted with the understanding that they were only temporary. But after the powers had been obtained, and after the emergency was clearly over, we were told that another emergency would be created if the power was given up. In other words, the concentration of power in the hands of the President was not a question of temporary emergency. It was a question of permanent national policy. In my opinion the emergency of 1933 was a mere excuse ... National economic planning—the term used by this Administration to describe its policy—violates the basic ideals of the American system ... The price of economic planning is the loss of economic freedom. And economic freedom and personal liberty go hand in hand.

Results

Election results by county.

Roosevelt won in a landslide, carrying 46 of the 48 states and bringing in many additional Democratic members of Congress. After Lyndon B. Johnson's 61.1 percent share of the popular vote in 1964, Roosevelt's 60.8 percent is the second-largest percentage in U.S. history since the nearly unopposed election of James Monroe in 1820, and his 98.5% of the electoral vote is the highest in two-party competition. Roosevelt won the largest number of electoral votes ever recorded at that time, so far only surpassed by Ronald Reagan in 1984, when seven more electoral votes were available to contest. Garner won the highest percentage of the electoral vote of any vice president. Landon became the second official major-party candidate since the current system was established to win fewer than ten electoral votes by tying William Howard Taft, who won eight votes in his unsuccessful re-election campaign in 1912. No major-party candidate has won so few electoral votes since this election. The closest anyone has come was Reagan's 1984 opponent Walter Mondale, who won only thirteen electoral votes.

This was the last Democratic landslide in the West. Democrats won every state except Kansas (Landon's home state) by more than 10%. West of the Great Plains States, Roosevelt only lost eight counties. Since 1936, only Richard Nixon in 1972 (winning all but 19 counties)[10] and Ronald Reagan in 1980 (winning all but twenty counties) have even approached such a disproportionate ratio. After 1936, the West rapidly became a Republican stronghold, the only region that has been consistent in the party it supports for such a long time.

Of the 3,095 counties, parishes and independent cities making returns, Roosevelt won in 2,634 (85 percent) while Landon carried 461 (15 percent). Democrats also expanded their majorities in Congress, winning control of over three-quarters of the seats in each house. The election saw the consolidation of the New Deal coalition; while the Democrats lost some of their traditional allies in big business, they were replaced by groups such as organized labor and African Americans, the latter of whom voted Democratic for the first time since the Civil War.[11] Roosevelt lost high income voters, especially businessmen and professionals, but made major gains among the poor and minorities. He won 86 percent of the Jewish vote, 81 percent of the Catholics, 80 percent of union members, 76 percent of Southerners, 76 percent of Blacks in northern cities, and 75 percent of people on relief. Roosevelt carried 102 of the nation's 106 cities with a population of 100,000 or more.[12]

Some political pundits predicted the Republicans, whom many voters blamed for the Great Depression, would soon become an extinct political party.[13] However, the Republicans would make a strong comeback in the 1938 congressional elections and would remain a potent force in Congress,[13] although they were not able to win the presidency again until 1952.

The Electoral College results, in which Landon only won Maine and Vermont, inspired Democratic Party chairman James Farley, who had in fact declared during the campaign that Roosevelt was to lose only these two states,[7] to amend the then-conventional political wisdom of "As Maine goes, so goes the nation" into "As Maine goes, so goes Vermont." Additionally, a prankster posted a sign on Vermont's border with New Hampshire the day after the 1936 election, reading, "You are now leaving the United States."[7] Some of Roosevelt's advisers even joked that America's fiscal woes might be best solved if he offered to sell Vermont and Maine to Canada.[14]

Presidential candidate Party Home state Popular vote Electoral
vote
Running mate
Count Pct Vice-presidential candidate Home state Elect. vote
Franklin D. Roosevelt (Incumbent) Democratic New York 27,752,648 60.80% 523 John Nance Garner (Incumbent) Texas 523
Alfred M. Landon Republican Kansas 16,681,862 36.54% 8 Frank Knox Illinois 8
William F. Lemke Union North Dakota 892,378 1.95% 0 Thomas C. O'Brien Massachusetts 0
Norman M. Thomas Socialist New York 187,910 0.41% 0 George A. Nelson Wisconsin 0
Earl R. Browder Communist Kansas 79,315 0.17% 0 James W. Ford New York 0
D. Leigh Colvin Prohibition New York 37,646 0.08% 0 Claude A. Watson California 0
John W. Aiken Socialist Labor Connecticut 12,799 0.03% 0 Emil F. Teichert New York 0
Other 3,141 0.00% Other
Total 45,647,699 100% 531 531
Needed to win 266 266

Source (Popular Vote): Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

Source (Electoral Vote): Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

Popular vote
Roosevelt
  
60.80%
Landon
  
36.54%
Lemke
  
1.95%
Thomas
  
0.41%
Others
  
0.30%
Electoral vote
Roosevelt
  
98.49%
Landon
  
1.51%

Geography of results

Cartographic gallery

Results by state

[15]

States won by Roosevelt/Garner
States won by Landon/Knox
Franklin D. Roosevelt
Democratic
Alfred Landon
Republican
William Lemke
Union
Norman Thomas
Socialist
Other Margin State Total
State electoral
votes
#  % electoral
votes
#  % electoral
votes
#  % electoral
votes
#  % electoral
votes
#  % electoral
votes
#  % #
Alabama 11 238,136 86.38 11 35,358 12.82 - 551 0.20 - 242 0.09 - 1,397 0.51 - 202,838 73.56 275,244 AL
Arizona 3 86,722 69.85 3 33,433 26.93 - 3,307 2.66 - 317 0.26 - 384 0.31 - 53,289 42.92 124,163 AZ
Arkansas 9 146,765 81.80 9 32,039 17.86 - 4 0.00 - 446 0.25 - 169 0.09 - 114,726 63.94 179,423 AR
California 22 1,766,836 66.95 22 836,431 31.70 - - - - 11,331 0.43 - 24,284 0.92 - 930,405 35.26 2,638,882 CA
Colorado 6 295,021 60.37 6 181,267 37.09 - 9,962 2.04 - 1,593 0.33 - 841 0.17 - 113,754 23.28 488,684 CO
Connecticut 8 382,129 55.32 8 278,685 40.35 - 21,805 3.16 - 5,683 0.82 - 2,421 0.35 - 103,444 14.98 690,723 CT
Delaware 3 69,702 54.62 3 57,236 44.85 - 442 0.35 - 172 0.13 - 51 0.04 - 12,466 9.77 127,603 DE
Florida 7 249,117 76.10 7 78,248 23.90 - - - - - - - - - - 170,869 52.20 327,365 FL
Georgia 12 255,364 87.10 12 36,942 12.60 - 141 0.05 - 68 0.02 - 660 0.23 - 218,422 74.50 293,175 GA
Idaho 4 125,683 62.96 4 66,256 33.19 - 7,678 3.85 - - - - - - - 59,427 29.77 199,617 ID
Illinois 29 2,282,999 57.70 29 1,570,393 39.69 - 89,439 2.26 - 7,530 0.19 - 6,161 0.16 - 712,606 18.01 3,956,522 IL
Indiana 14 934,974 56.63 14 691,570 41.89 - 19,407 1.18 - 3,856 0.23 - 1,090 0.07 - 243,404 14.74 1,650,897 IN
Iowa 11 621,756 54.41 11 487,977 42.70 - 29,687 2.60 - 1,373 0.12 - 1,940 0.17 - 133,779 11.71 1,142,733 IA
Kansas 9 464,520 53.67 9 397,727 45.95 - 497 0.06 - 2,770 0.32 - - - - 66,793 7.72 865,014 KS
Kentucky 11 541,944 58.51 11 369,702 39.92 - 12,501 1.35 - 632 0.07 - 1,424 0.15 - 172,242 18.60 926,203 KY
Louisiana 10 292,894 88.82 10 36,791 11.16 - - - - - - - 93 0.00 - 256,103 77.66 329,778 LA
Maine 5 126,333 41.52 - 168,823 55.49 5 7,581 2.49 - 783 0.26 - 720 0.24 - -42,490 -13.97 304,240 ME
Maryland 8 389,612 62.35 8 231,435 37.04 - - - - 1,629 0.26 - 2,220 0.36 - 158,177 25.31 624,896 MD
Massachusetts 17 942,716 51.22 17 768,613 41.76 - 118,639 6.45 - 5,111 0.28 - 5,278 0.29 - 174,103 9.46 1,840,357 MA
Michigan 19 1,016,794 56.33 19 699,733 38.76 - 75,795 4.20 - 8,208 0.45 - 4,568 0.25 - 317,061 17.56 1,805,098 MI
Minnesota 11 698,811 61.84 11 350,461 31.01 - 74,296 6.58 - 2,872 0.25 - 3,535 0.31 - 348,350 30.83 1,129,975 MN
Mississippi 9 157,318 97.06 9 4,443 2.74 - - - - 329 0.20 - - - - 152,875 94.31 162,090 MS
Missouri 15 1,111,043 60.76 15 697,891 38.16 - 14,630 0.80 - 3,454 0.19 - 1,617 0.09 - 413,152 22.59 1,828,635 MO
Montana 4 159,690 69.28 4 63,598 27.59 - 5,549 2.41 - 1,066 0.46 - 609 0.26 - 96,092 41.69 230,512 MT
Nebraska 7 347,445 57.14 7 247,731 40.74 - 12,847 2.11 - - - - - - - 99,714 16.40 608,023 NE
Nevada 3 31,925 72.81 3 11,923 27.19 - - - - - - - - - - 20,002 45.62 43,848 NV
New Hampshire 4 108,460 49.73 4 104,642 47.98 - 4,819 2.21 - - - - 193 0.09 - 3,818 1.75 218,114 NH
New Jersey 16 1,083,850 59.54 16 720,322 39.57 - 9,407 0.52 - 3,931 0.22 - 2,927 0.16 - 364,128 19.97 1,820,437 NJ
New Mexico 3 106,037 62.69 3 61,727 36.50 - 924 0.55 - 343 0.20 - 105 0.06 - 44,310 26.20 169,176 NM
New York 47 3,293,222 58.85 47 2,180,670 38.97 - - - - 86,897 1.55 - 35,609 0.64 - 1,112,552 19.88 5,596,398 NY
North Carolina 13 616,141 73.40 13 223,283 26.60 - 2 0.00 - 21 0.00 - 17 0.00 - 392,858 46.80 839,464 NC
North Dakota 4 163,148 59.60 4 72,751 26.58 - 36,708 13.41 - 552 0.20 - 557 0.20 - 90,397 33.03 273,716 ND
Ohio 26 1,747,140 57.99 26 1,127,855 37.44 - 132,212 4.39 - 117 0.00 - 5,265 0.17 - 619,285 20.56 3,012,589 OH
Oklahoma 11 501,069 66.83 11 245,122 32.69 - - - - 2,221 0.30 - 1,328 0.18 - 255,947 34.14 749,740 OK
Oregon 5 266,733 64.42 5 122,706 29.64 - 21,831 5.27 - 2,143 0.52 - 608 0.15 - 144,027 34.79 414,021 OR
Pennsylvania 36 2,353,987 56.88 36 1,690,200 40.84 - 67,468 1.63 - 14,599 0.35 - 12,172 0.29 - 663,787 16.04 4,138,426 PA
Rhode Island 4 165,238 53.10 4 125,031 40.18 - 19,569 6.29 - - - - 1,340 0.43 - 40,207 12.92 311,178 RI
South Carolina 8 113,791 98.57 8 1,646 1.43 - - - - - - - - - - 112,145 97.15 115,437 SC
South Dakota 4 160,137 54.02 4 125,977 42.49 - 10,338 3.49 - - - - - - - 34,160 11.52 296,472 SD
Tennessee 11 328,083 68.85 11 146,520 30.75 - 296 0.06 - 686 0.14 - 953 0.20 - 181,563 38.10 476,538 TN
Texas 23 734,485 87.08 23 103,874 12.31 - 3,281 0.39 - 1,075 0.13 - 767 0.09 - 630,611 74.76 843,482 TX
Utah 4 150,246 69.34 4 64,555 29.79 - 1,121 0.52 - 432 0.20 - 323 0.15 - 85,691 39.55 216,677 UT
Vermont 3 62,124 43.24 - 81,023 56.39 3 - - - - - - 542 0.38 - -18,899 -13.15 143,689 VT
Virginia 11 234,980 70.23 11 98,336 29.39 - 233 0.07 - 313 0.09 - 728 0.22 - 136,644 40.84 334,590 VA
Washington 8 459,579 66.38 8 206,892 29.88 - 17,463 2.52 - 3,496 0.50 - 4,908 0.71 - 252,687 36.50 692,338 WA
West Virginia 8 502,582 60.56 8 325,358 39.20 - - - - 832 0.10 - 1,173 0.14 - 177,224 21.35 829,945 WV
Wisconsin 12 802,984 63.80 12 380,828 30.26 - 60,297 4.79 - 10,626 0.84 - 3,825 0.30 - 422,156 33.54 1,258,560 WI
Wyoming 3 62,624 60.58 3 38,739 37.47 - 1,653 1.60 - 200 0.19 - 166 0.16 - 23,885 23.10 103,382 WY
TOTALS: 531 27,752,648 60.80 523 16,681,862 36.54 8 892,378 1.95 - 187,910 0.41 - 132,901 0.29 - 11,070,786 24.25 45,647,699 US

Close states

Margin of victory less than 5% (4 electoral votes):

  1. New Hampshire, 1.75%

Margin of victory between 5% and 10% (29 electoral votes):

  1. Kansas, 7.72%
  2. Massachusetts, 9.46%
  3. Delaware, 9.77%

State Miscellanea

  • This was the last election until 1964 in which the Democrats won Indiana, Kansas, Nebraska, North Dakota, and South Dakota.
  • Roosevelt's landslide remains the last time Democrats won them in two consecutive elections and penultimate occasion Democrats won those last four very solid Republican Plains States.
  • Indiana has subsequently been won by the Democrats only in 1964 and 2008.
  • This was the only time since the creation of the Republican Party that Indiana voted Democratic in consecutive elections. South Dakota is the only other state to have a similar record.
  • This was the last election in which the Democrats won Colorado and Iowa until 1948.
  • At the time, this was the closest a Democrat had ever come to winning Vermont (to be topped in 1940, and then again in 1964, 1968, 1976, and every election from 1988 to present).
  • 1936 was the last time until 2016 the Democrats won Orange County, California.[16]
  • This election remains the last presidential election when a Democratic candidate ever carried Tulsa County, Oklahoma, Allen County, Ohio, Hancock County, Ohio, Douglas County, Nevada, Josephine County, Oregon, Ada County, Idaho, Sioux County, Iowa, Hughes County, South Dakota, Lebanon County, Pennsylvania and over thirty smaller counties in Nebraska and Kansas.[16]
  • This was the best score ever received by any Democrat in the four following states: Wisconsin (63.8%), Oregon (64.42%), Washington (66.38%), and Wyoming (60.58%), and the outright best score ever received by any candidate in three states: South Carolina, (98.57%), California (66.95%), and Arizona (69.85%).
  • This was the last time Democrats crossed the 70% line in Virginia and Nevada, and the 60% line in Idaho, Montana, Wyoming, Utah, Arizona, and New Mexico.

See also

References

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  2. Paul Kleppner et al. The Evolution of American Electoral Systems pp 219–225.
  3. Our Campaigns – US President – D Primaries Race – Feb 01, 1936
  4. Kane, Harnett; Huey Long's Louisiana Hayride, p. 126. ISBN 1455606111
  5. Hair, William Ivy; The Kingfish and His Realm: The Life and Times of Huey P. Long; ISBN 080712124X
  6. Carpenter, Ronald H.; Father Charles E. Coughlin: Surrogate Spokesman for the Disaffected; p. 62 ISBN 0-313-29040-7
  7. 7.0 7.1 7.2 Derbyshire, Wyn; Dark Realities: America's Great Depression; p. 213 ISBN 1907444777
  8. Bryson, Maurice C. 'The Literary Digest Poll: Making of a Statistical Myth' The American Statistician, 30(4):November 1976
  9. Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  10. Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  11. Smith 2007, pp. 373–375.
  12. Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  13. 13.0 13.1 Gould, Lewis L.; The Republicans: A History of the Grand Old Party. ISBN 0199936625
  14. Boller, Paul F.; Presidential Campaigns: From George Washington to George W. Bush; p. 249 ISBN 0195167163
  15. Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  16. 16.0 16.1 Sullivan, Robert David; ‘How the Red and Blue Map Evolved Over the Past Century’; America Magazine in The National Catholic Review; June 29, 2016

Further reading

  • Andersen, Kristi. The Creation of a Democratic Majority: 1928–1936 (1979), statistical
  • Brown, Courtney. "Mass dynamics of US presidential competitions, 1928–1936." American Political Science Review 82.4 (1988): 1153-1181. online
  • Burns, James MacGregor. Roosevelt: The Lion and the Fox (1956)
  • Campbell, James E. "Sources of the new deal realignment: The contributions of conversion and mobilization to partisan change." Western Political Quarterly 38.3 (1985): 357-376. online
  • Fadely, James Philip. "Editors, Whistle Stops, and Elephants: the Presidential Campaign of 1936 in Indiana." Indiana Magazine of History 1989 85(2): 101–137. ISSN 0019-6673
  • Harrell, James A. "Negro Leadership in the Election Year 1936." Journal of Southern History 34.4 (1968): 546-564. online
  • Leuchtenburg, William E. "Election of 1936", in Arthur M. Schlesinger, Jr., ed., A History of American Presidential Elections vol 3 (1971), analysis and primary documents
  • McCoy, Donald. Landon of Kansas (1968)
  • Nicolaides, Becky M. "Radio Electioneering in the American Presidential Campaigns of 1932 and 1936," Historical Journal of Film, Radio and Television, June 1988, Vol. 8 Issue 2, pp. 115–138
  • Savage, Sean J. "The 1936-1944 Campaigns," in William D. Pederson, ed. A Companion to Franklin D. Roosevelt (2011) pp 96–113 online
  • Schlesinger, Jr., Arthur M. The Politics of Upheaval (1960)
  • Shover, John L. "The emergence of a two-party system in Republican Philadelphia, 1924-1936." Journal of American History 60.4 (1974): 985-1002. online
  • Spencer, Thomas T. "'Labor is with Roosevelt:' The Pennsylvania Labor Non-Partisan League and the Election of 1936." Pennsylvania History 46.1 (1979): 3-16. online

Primary sources

External links

Template:State Results of the 1936 U.S. Presidential Election

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