Indium(III) chloride
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| Names | |
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| Other names
Indium chloride
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| Identifiers | |
10025-82-8  |
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| ChemSpider | 23197 |
| Jmol 3D model | Interactive image |
| PubChem | 24812 |
| UNII | 58TD96H03I |
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| Properties | |
| InCl3 | |
| Molar mass | 221.18 g/mol |
| Appearance | white flakes |
| Density | 3.46 g/cm3 |
| Melting point | 586 °C (1,087 °F; 859 K) |
| Boiling point | 800 °C (1,470 °F; 1,070 K) |
| soluble, exothermic | |
| Solubility in other solvents | THF |
| Structure | |
| Monoclinic, mS16 | |
| C12/m1, No. 12 | |
| Vapor pressure | {{{value}}} |
| Related compounds | |
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Other anions
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Indium(III) fluoride Indium(III) bromide Indium(III) iodide |
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Other cations
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Aluminium chloride Gallium trichloride Thallium(III) chloride |
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Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
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| Infobox references | |
Indium(III) chloride is the chemical compound with the formula InCl3. This colorless salt finds some use in organic synthesis as a Lewis acid. It is also the most available soluble derivative of indium.[1]
Synthesis and structure
Being a relatively electropositive metal, indium reacts quickly with chlorine to give the trichloride. Indium trichloride is very soluble and deliquescent.[2] A synthesis has been reported using an electrochemical cell in a mixed methanol-benzene solution.[3]
Like AlCl3 and TlCl3, InCl3 crystallizes as a layered structure consisting of close-packed chloride arrangement containing layers of octahedrally coordinated In(III) centers.[4] The motif is akin to that seen for YCl3.[5] In contrast, GaCl3 crystallizes as dimers containing Ga2Cl6.[5] Molten InCl3 conducts electricity,[4] whereas AlCl3 does not as it converts to the molecular dimer, Al2Cl6.[6]
Reactions
InCl3 is a Lewis acid and forms complexes with donor ligands, L, InCl3L, InCl3L2, InCl3L3. For example with chloride ion it forms tetrahedral, InCl4−; trigonal bipyramidal, InCl52− and octahedral InCl63−.[4]
In diethyl ether solution InCl3 reacts with lithium hydride, LiH, to form LiInH4, an unstable compound decomposing below 0 °C,[7] which is reacted "in situ" in organic synthesis as a reducing agent[8] and to prepare tertiary amine and phosphine complexes of InH3.[9]
Trimethylindium, InMe3 can be produced by reacting InCl3 in diethyl ether solution either with the grignard reagent, MeMgI, or methyllithium, LiMe. Triethylindium can be prepared in a similar fashion but with the grignard reagent, EtMgBr.[10]
- InCl3 + 3LiMe → Me3In.OEt2 + 3LiCl
- InCl3 + 3MeMgI → Me3In.OEt2 + 3MgClI
- InCl3 + 3EtMgBr → Et3In.OEt2 + 3MgBr2
- the ether is removed at 25 °C in vacuo
InCl3 reacts with indium metal at high temperature to form lower valent indium chlorides, In5Cl9, In2Cl3 and InCl.[4]
Catalyst in chemistry
Indium chloride is a Lewis acid catalyst in organic reactions such as Friedel-Crafts acylations and Diels-Alder reactions. As an example of the latter[11] The reaction proceeds at room temperature, with 1 mole% catalyst loading in an acetonitrile-water solvent mixture. The first step is a Knoevenagel condensation between the barbituric acid and the aldehyde, the second step is a reverse electron-demand Diels-Alder reaction.
which is a multicomponent reaction of N,N'-dimethyl-barbituric acid, benzaldehyde and ethyl vinyl ether. With catalyst the reported chemical yield is 90% and the percentage trans isomer is 70%. Without the catalyst added the yield drops to 65% with 50% trans product.
References
- ↑ Araki, S.; Hirashita, T. "Indium trichloride" in Encyclopedia of Reagents for Organic Synthesis (Ed: L. Paquette) 2004, J. Wiley & Sons, New York. doi:10.1002/047084289.
- ↑ Indium Trichloride
- ↑ Habeeb, J. J.; Tuck, D. G. "Electrochemical Synthesis of Indium(III) Complexes" Inorganic Syntheses, 1979, volume XIX, ISBN 0-471-04542-X
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 Egon Wiberg, Arnold Frederick Holleman (2001) Inorganic Chemistry, Elsevier ISBN 0123526515
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 Wells, A.F. Structural Inorganic Chemistry, Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1984. ISBN 0-19-855370-6.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Main Group Metals in Organic Synthesis vol 1, ed. Hisashi Yamamoto, Koichiro Oshima, Wiley VCH, 2004, ISBN 3527305084
- ↑ The Group 13 Metals Aluminium, Gallium, Indium and Thallium: Chemical Patterns and Peculiarities, Simon Aldridge, Anthony J. Downs, wiley, 2011, ISBN 978-0-470-68191-6
- ↑ Main Group compounds in Inorganic Syntheses, vol 31, , By Schultz, Neumayer, Marks; Ed., Alan H. Cowley, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1997, ISBN 0471152889
- ↑ An efficient synthesis of novel pyrano[2,3-d]- and furopyrano[2,3-d]pyrimidines via Indium-Catalyzed Multicomponent Domino Reaction Prajapati, D. Mukut Gohain, M. Beilstein Journal of Organic Chemistry 2006, 2:11 doi:10.1186/1860-5397-2-11
