Lyoness

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This article is about the shopping community. For the Celtic mythological land, see Lyonesse.
Lyoness
Private
Industry Shopping community, Multi-level marketing
Founded 2003
Founders Iwan J. Ackermann, Max Meienberg, Uwe Proch
Headquarters Graz, Austria
Key people
 Hubert Freidl
Revenue 1.2 billion euros[1]
Number of employees
 980 employees, 5,000,000 members[2]
Website www.lyoness.com

Since 2003, Lyoness has been the registered trademark name for a group of globally distributed (mostly privately owned, limited-liability) corporate structures, which originated in Austria.[3] Lyoness comprises at least 7 corporations registered in Switzerland,[4] 9 corporations registered in Austria[5] and approximately 42 additional national and regional corporations all around the globe.[3] The name ‘Lyoness’ was derived from the Celtic mythological kingdom ‘Lyonesse’.[6] "Lyconet" has been introduced in 2014 as a new trademark name for the same group of corporations.

The main corporation, then called ‘Lyoness Holding Europe AG’, was registered in 2003 by Iwan J. Ackermann, Max Meienberg and Uwe Proch.[7] In 2004, the publicly known CEO of Lyoness, Hubert Freidl, was hired by this corporation as a director.[7] Lyoness, in its entirety, has an estimated annual turnover of 1.2 billions euros (2012).[1] The shopping community has a self-proclaimed member of more than 4 millions (as of July 2014).[2] Lyoness is currently active in more than 40 countries, spread over 6 continents.[3]

Lyoness is suspected to be a pyramid scheme in several of the countries it operates in. In homeland Austria, Lyoness has been declared a pyramid scheme by four independent civil courts.[8] Criminal investigations have also been concluded by the Austrian Economic and Corruption Prosecutor ("WKStA"), who maintains that Lyoness operates an illegal pyramid scheme.[9][10] Lyoness expects to be cleared of all charges.[11] In Norway, Lyoness was found to have operated an illegal pyramid scheme in 2012 and 2013.[12] In Australia, Lyoness was under prosecution by the ACCC for operating an illegal pyramid scheme.[13][14] The trial has ended and the judgment was reserved.[15][16] In Sweden, the responsible authority concluded that Lyoness is a pyramid scheme and reported Lyoness to the Stockholm police.[17] While initially halted, an appeal by the Gaming Board led to a continuation of the investigation by the Stockholm Police.[18] In Poland, France, Hungary and Lithuania, similar investigations have been conducted or are ongoing.[19][20][21][22][23] In Greece, the Austrian Lyoness directors have been accused of various types of fraud by the local authorities.[24][25] Lyoness vehemently denies all allegations.

In October 2015, the Australian Federal Court found that the loyatly program is not a pyramid scheme as the Australian Competition and Consumer Commission (ACCC) has originally claimed.[26] The latest decision in Austria also declared that Lyoness is not classified as fraud or any illegal pyramid scheme by the Austrian Economic and Corruption Prosecutor ("WKStA").[27][28]

Business model

Shopping community

Lyoness operates an international, cross-sectoral shopping community, from which members and merchants presumably benefit through cashback discounts and customer loyalty, respectively.[29] Lyoness announced that starting July 2014, all network marketing activities are to be bundled under the new brand "Lyconet".[30]

The Lyoness shopping community currently has (as of July 2014) an estimated 4 million members around the globe, receiving discounts while shopping at 29,000 Lyoness partners with over 150,000 points of acceptance.[31] Through the discounts systems, Lyoness members receive direct discounts of 1-5% in the form of cash back on every purchase made at a Lyoness partner.[32] Depending on the country, the sum of the obtained discounts needs to be 5 or 10 euros or higher in order for it to be transferred to the bank account of the Lyoness member.[33]

Friendship bonus

Next to discounts over personal purchases, Lyoness members receive an 0.5% commission over the purchases made by the people they have introduced to Lyoness, as well as 0.5% over the purchases made by the people introduced by the people they have brought in.[32] Lyoness refers to this system as the ‘Friendship Bonus’.[32]

Accounting units

Additional to the 1-5% cash back that Lyoness members receive, a percentage of the expenditures of members at Lyoness partner companies is transferred into the Lyoness position system – which is a system in which left-over discounts are saved up into positions.[32] When enough new positions are entered into the position chain, the holder of the original position is rewarded with earnings through a concept called ‘system commission’ or ‘loyalty commission’. These "positions" of "accounting units" can be accumulated through shopping, or through making (partial) downpayments on gift cards offered by Lyoness. These downpayments have been regarded as investments by several international authorities, although others (including professor Peter Lewisch) consider them to be "shopping".

Premium membership

In most countries, in order to become a Lyoness 'Premium Member', one needs to put in a down-payment of at least 2000 euros on future discounts.[34] In several other countries, high amounts of shopping in one year can substitute these downpayments. The two methods can also be combined.[35] However, certain media and Lyoness critics have suggested that by far most premium memberships are acquired by members through down-payments of 2000 euros, and not formed by residual discounts saved up while shopping at Lyoness 'Loyalty Merchants'.[34] The Norwegian authorities who investigated Lyoness came to the same conclusion.

Commonly, the down-payments of 2000 euros are used to acquire 7 positions of 50 euros, 3 positions of 150 euros and 3 positions of 400 euros.

Corporate structure

International organisation

The Lyoness and Lyconet trademark names cover various corporate structures. The overarching holding corporation is named 'Lyoness International AG', which is supported by several administrative departments (which are registered corporate structures): including: Lyoness eBiz GmbH, Lyoness Dataservice GmbH, Lyoness Lyco Soft GmbH, Lyoness Child & Family Foundation, Lyoness Greenfinity Foundation.[3]

Continental and country organisation

The continental organisations are subsidiaries of Lyoness International AG and are registered as stock corporations. These are: Lyoness Europe AG (founded in 2003), "Lyoness IMEA S.A." (2009), Lyoness North America Ltd., "Lyoness South America S.A.", "Lyoness Asia Ltd." (2011).[3]

The country offices are subsidiaries of the continental stock corporations and are registered as privately owned, limited-liability companies.[3]

Cooperations

File:SK Rapid Cashback Card.png
SK Rapid Cashback Card

Lyoness has initiated Cashback cooperations with the Austrian football club SK Rapid Wien,[36][37] the Austrian Golf Association[38][39] and the Slovak ice hockey club HC Slovan Bratislava.[40]

Social involvement

According to Lyoness, every purchase made by its members at its partner companies benefits the Lyoness Child and Family Foundation (a Lyoness-owned charity organisation) [41] and the Lyoness Greenfinity Foundation (a Lyoness-owned organisation promoting sustainability).[42]

Lyoness, together with its Greenfinity Foundation, is the main sponsor of the annual Austrian Open golf tournament, now named the Lyoness Open.[43] This tournament is part of the 2013 European Tour.[44] Lyoness is also involved in the world of soccer, sponsoring the ‘European Juniors League’, a European football competition for youth teams,[45] as well as Austrian club SK Rapid Wien.[46] Lyoness will pay 9 millions euros over the coming 5 soccer seasons, but will not be the main sponsor of Rapid Wien.[47]

Controversy

One year after Lyoness was founded, in 2004, the Austrian criminal police (Kriminalpolizei) published an article[48] in the December issue of its organisation’s magazine, in which it warned for the resurfacing of Ponzi schemes and pyramid schemes in Austria. Lyoness was explicitly mentioned in this article. Lyoness contested the allegations publicly.[49] In 2005, Austrian Parliament member, Johann Maier (SPÖ) asked the then-incumbent Austrian Minister of Justice (Karin Miklautsch, BZÖ) parliamentary questions about the reports filed against alleged pyramid schemes in Austria in 2004.[50] Lyoness was one of the organisations complaints were filed against.[50]

In 2008, the Austrian Chamber of Labour (‘Arbeiterkammer’) of Steiermark issued a warning against Lyoness, listing its alleged privacy violations, misleading advertising, deceptive information and unrealistic and negligible benefits as red flags for doing business with Lyoness.[51]

In March 2010, the Swiss medium Beobachter published an article[52] by Pascale Hofmeier entitled ‘ Lyoness: Hands off’. In the article, Sara Stalder of the Swiss Consumer Union and Manuel Richard of the Swiss Gambling Commission warn consumers not to do business with Lyoness. In the beginning of 2012, Kleine Zeitung published an article[53] suggesting that Lyoness has deceived the masses by operating an irrelevant shopping community. L’Hebdo, a Swiss medium, reproduced a story about how Lyoness members are told that an investment of 3,000 CHF will eventually lead to 25,000 CHF in return, if enough new, down-paying members are recruited.[54]

In February 2012, the Beobachter published an article[55] stating that, based on consideration of internal Lyoness communication, members are offered ‘bounties’ up to 45,000 CHF to provide ‘relevant information’ on Lyoness’ critics. A critic from Zurich was reported to have been sued for over 1 million CHF for ‘defamation’ after he contacted Lyoness’ partner companies in Switzerland in an attempt to explain the business model of Lyoness to them. The article also reported that the Lyoness business model seems to revolve around recruiting activities instead of discounts and that Lyoness is internationally charged with forgery, fraud and hosting a pyramid scheme.

Der Standard reported in July 2012 that the Austrian Economic and Corruption Prosecutor (‘WKStA’) has been granted jurisdiction to investigate and prosecute Lyoness in Austria.[56] The Swiss Handelszeitung mentioned a court case Lyoness lost, which revolved around the question as to whether Lyoness should have issued a financial prospectus before asking investors to finance their foreign-markets advertising campaigns.[57] In September 2012, the same newspaper reported[58] that major, alleged Lyoness partners in Switzerland (Microsoft and Kuoni Travel) were announcing not to continue the partnerships, if there were any to begin with. The Wiener Zeitung reported[59] about a pending lawsuit initiated by the Austrian Consumer Organisation ‘VKI’ in March 2013. The VKI contests 61 clauses of Lyoness’ ‘General Terms and Conditions’, which it called opaque, uncertain, and/or meaningless.[59][60][61] Eric Breiteneder, hired as a legal representative by the organisation, also referred to the concepts used to distinguish various parts of – and benefits within the Lyoness business model as vague and/or undefined elsewhere.[62][63]

The Handelszeitung reported about suspicions that high-level Lyoness members were earlier involved in (other) pyramid schemes, like the ‘Spirit of Independence’.[64] It also mentioned a system called ‘GTS’ (Global Trade System), operated by Erin Trade SA, as a former organisation tied to Hubert Freidl.[64] Like Lyoness, this company has been called a pyramid scheme in the public debate.[64] The Kleine Zeitung reported that various experts were looking at the investment schemes for advertising campaigns organised by Lyoness, and whether a prospectus was required before attracting capital from investors.[60] Lyoness-hired[65] professor Susanne Kalls concluded that no capital market regulations were violated by not issuing a prospectus; attorney Karl Hengstberger came to the opposite conclusion[60] but agreed with Professor Susanne Kalls that the Lyoness business package does not constitute an investment.[60] In the same article, Mathias Vorbach, spokesman of Lyoness, admits that Lyoness may have had some trouble before, but that those days are behind us – Lyoness has learned from its mistakes.[60] He asserts the message that legal problems have only appeared in Austria (a contested claim) and that 95% of the Lyoness members just shop and do not participate in the earning models offered by Lyoness.[60] However, the Beobachter, after reportedly considering internal Lyoness documents, published an article[66] suggesting that 99.7% of the Lyoness turnover derives from down-payments on future purchases, not from actual shopping or (saved up) discounts.

In September 2009, Lyoness hired criminal law expert Professor Peter Lewisch to assess whether the company's business model violated the Austrian law concerning illegal pyramid schemes.[67] The study, conducted by Lewisch in September 2013, argued that Lyoness is not a pyramid scheme under Austrian legislation. [67] The judges of the regional court in Krems,[68] Austria however concluded that the business model of Lyoness is so "Ponzi-Scheme-like", that contracts between Lyoness and its business partners are not valid.[69] Also, Lyoness has been declared a pyramid scheme by at least four independent civil courts in Austria.[8] Also, it was reported that the Austrian Consumers Union has filed suit against Lyoness for providing participants with unclear and deceptive terms and conditions.[59] VKI is representing clients who contend they invested money in the advertising campaigns organised by Lyoness, and several option trading packages offered by Lyoness, but were not provided with a prospectus. VKI won their case against Lyoness and the court ruled that the 61 contested clauses are indeed unlawful, making the contracts between Lyoness and its premium members not legally binding under Austrian law.[70][71] Further civil proceedings are combined into a class-action lawsuit worth millions euros, initiated by process financier Advofin, and supported and recommended by the Austrian Consumer Union (VKI).[72][73] The lawsuit will be filed in Amsterdam.[74][75]

Legality

In the meantime, Austrian authorities have started investigations of the Lyoness business model and the related allegations that the company is running an illegal pyramid scheme.[56] Criminal investigations in Austria have been concluded by the Austrian Economic and Corruption Prosecutor ("WKStA"), who maintains that Lyoness operates an illegal pyramid scheme.[9][76] Lyoness expects to be cleared of all charges.[11]

Outside of its homecountries, Lyoness has also been confronted with scrutiny from authorities. Reportedly, similar investigations were started in Hungary;[22] Norway;[12][77][78] Poland;[19][79][80][81] Lithuania;[23] Sweden;[17][18] Australia;[13][14] and Greece.[24][25]

In Hungary, Lyoness was fined by the authorities for illegal advertising.[22] In Lithuania, the authorities decided not to pursue Lyoness.[23] In December 2013, Norwegian authorities announced a full investigation of Lyoness on the suspicion of it operating an illegal pyramid scheme.[77][78] Lyoness received 3 weeks to respond to the announcement.[82] Following an investigation of several months, the Norwegian Gaming Board concluded that Lyoness operated an illegal pyramid scheme in Norway in 2012 and 2013. After the investigation had been announced, in 2014, less than the legal barrier of 50% (43%) of Lyoness's revenue in Norway derived from recruiting, making them eligible to continue operation under Norwegian law. In Poland, the OCCP called Lyoness a pyramid scheme, but the current status of the investigation is unknown.[19][20] In Sweden, the responsible authority concluded that Lyoness is a pyramid scheme and reported Lyoness to the Stockholm police.[17] While initially halted, an appeal by the Gaming Board led to a continuation of the investigation by the Stockholm Police.[18]

In Australia, The Competition and Consumer Commission (ACCC), after researching Lyoness for a while, instituted proceedings against Lyoness International AG, Lyoness Asia Limited, Lyoness UK Limited and Lyoness Australia Pty Limited (together ‘Lyoness’) for operating a pyramid selling scheme and engaging in referral selling.[13][13][14] The ACCC alleges that Lyoness has operated the scheme in Australia from mid-2011 and that it continues to operate the scheme. The scheme offers ‘cash back’ rebates to members who shop through a Lyoness portal, use Lyoness vouchers or present their Lyoness card at certain retailers. Whilst cash back offers themselves are not prohibited by the Australian Consumer Law, the ACCC alleges that the Lyoness scheme also offers commissions to members who recruit new members who make a down payment on future shopping. The ACCC is seeking declarations, pecuniary penalties, injunctions, an order requiring the Lyoness website to link to the case report and costs. As Lyoness International AG, Lyoness Asia Limited and Lyoness UK Limited are located overseas, the ACCC will be making arrangements for service on those entities. The case is before Justice Flick of the Federal Court in Sydney.[83] Lyoness have submitted their defence in October 2014, and the next hearing will be in February 2015.[14] Australian victims claim to have lost thousands of dollars each to Lyoness.[84] The trial has ended and the judgment was reserved.[15][16] In Greece, an arrest warrant was issued in August 2015 against the Austrian directors of Lyoness Greece. On the 10th of August 2015 the Prosecutor of Thessaloniki Court of First Instance issued an arrest warrant against Herbert Teissel and his wife Anna Teissel, alleged directors of Lyoness Greece, for attempted fraud.[24][25] Lyoness vehemently denies all allegations.

In October 2015, the Australian Federal Court found that the loyatly program is not a pyramid scheme as the Australian Competition and Consumer Commission (ACCC) has originally claimed.[26]

Television

On November 30, 2011, Dragons’ Den Canada aired an episode featuring the pitch of a Lyoness ‘Premium Member’ from Ontario, Canada in which he asked the ‘Dragons’ to jointly invest 175,000 Canadian Dollars to acquire Lyoness ‘business packages’ through him.[85] None of the Dragons were willing to invest. Instead, they ridiculed him and his business idea, suggesting that it's 'distasteful', and 'a pyramid scheme’. They also advised the Lyoness member, who borrowed against his house to acquire Lyoness positions, not to invest any more money in the Lyoness system.[85]

Another television show that has reported on Lyoness is the Austrian public television program ORF Report. This programme aired episodes under the names ‘Lyoness - The money machine’ (November 13, 2012),[86] 'Shopping Community Lyoness' (November27th, 2013)[87] and ‘The man behind Lyoness’ (April 24, 2013),[88] interviewing experts and former participants, which both say that Lyoness operates a pyramid scheme behind the façade of a ‘shopping community’ [89] .[34] The latter episode also features hidden camera footage of Hubert Freidl telling his followers that spreading ‘Cashback Cards’ is irrelevant – ‘it is all about the positions, positions, positions, positions’.[34]

Income

From a Lyoness income disclosure statement [90] can be derived that the average Lyoness member in the United States receives a gross annual commission of approximately $275, or $23 per month. The monthly median commission value of $0.38 indicates that the vast majority of the members receives a lower commission than the 23 dollar monthly average.[90]

Additionally, the document states that 46% of the Lyoness members makes $0 in commission and that the average annual expenditures, not taken into account when calculating the average commission, are $1,294.[90] Similar figures have been reported in 2013,[91] and in Canada.[92]

Internet

On the Internet, various websites and blogs from all over the world have focused critical attention on Lyoness, accusing the company of illegal business practices (mainly of running pyramid and Ponzi schemes) and questioning the alleged partnerships between Lyoness and several multinational corporations, as well as the validity and relevance of the certificates granted to the Lyoness shopping community. In April 2013, it was reported that former (Austrian) participants of Lyoness had organised themselves and founded an organisation and website called Plattform Lyoness.[34][93] Not much later, an international equivalent was established under the name Lyoness Complaint Centre.[94]

In the beginning of June 2013, it was reported that Lyoness filed legal complaints against the founders of Plattform Lyoness.[95][96] The founders were forced to remove legal documents concerning Lyoness from their website.[95] Plattform Lyoness has reported that a preliminary injunction in a subsequent court case forced Plattform Lyoness to change its domain name from http://www.plattform-lyoness.at to http://www.lyoness-geschaedigte-plattform.at/, as the court found that domain names linking to negative content about Lyoness should carry a distinctive term to indicate that the domain is not hosted by Lyoness itself.[97] Plattform Lyoness solved this by adding the term 'geschaedigte', which is the German word for 'victims'. Lyoness' other demands were not granted by the court.

In August 2015, the founders of Plattform Lyoness have been cleared of all Lyoness' allegations in court.[98]

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 “Bei Lyoness tobt der Krieg der Gutachter” “Kleine Zeitung”, April 19, 2013
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 “Lyoness Company Website” “Lyoness Official Corporate Website”, June 8, 2013
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 “Lyoness Corporate Structure – Organigramm” “Lyoness Official Corporate Website”, June 7, 2013
  4. ↑ “Moneyhouse: Lyoness”, “Moneyhouse Company Register: Lyoness”, June 7, 2013
  5. ↑ “Monetas: Lyoness”, “Monetas Company Register: Lyoness”, June 7, 2013
  6. ↑ Business People Top1000 2009, page 66
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 Excerpt from the St. Gallen (Switzerland) Chamber of Commerce, April 30, 2013
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 "Austrian Parliament"
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 “Kleine Zeitung”, “Kleine Zeitung: Lyoness investigation concluded”, August 27, 2015
  10. ↑ “ORF”, “ORF: Lyoness investigation concluded”, August 27, 2015
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 “Tiroler Tageszeitung”, “Tiroler Tageszeitung: Lyoness expects to be cleared”, August 27, 2015
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 "Lottstift"
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 13.2 13.3 "ACCC takes action against alleged pyramid scheme operator"
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 14.2 14.3 "Could you be caught in this and not know?"
  15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 “Commonwealth Courts”, “Commonwealth Courts: Lyoness court events NSD884/2014”, August 28, 2015
  16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 “BehindMLM”, “BehindMLM: Summary of the ACCC Lyoness 5-day trial”, August 3, 2015
  17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 17.2 "Lyoness police reported for suspected pyramid scheme"
  18. ↑ 18.0 18.1 18.2 "Lotteriinspektionen: Halted investigation Lyoness successfully appealed"
  19. ↑ 19.0 19.1 19.2 "Program lojalnościowy może być przykrywką dla piramidy finansowej. Jak nie dać się oszukać?"
  20. ↑ 20.0 20.1 "BehindMLM"
  21. ↑ "Que Choisir"
  22. ↑ 22.0 22.1 22.2 “Versenyhivatali eljárás indult a Lyoness Hungary Kft-vel és a Lyoness Europe AG-vel szemben”, “Hungarian Competition Authority”, March 6, 2013
  23. ↑ 23.0 23.1 23.2 "BehindMLM"
  24. ↑ 24.0 24.1 24.2 "News247"
  25. ↑ 25.0 25.1 25.2 "BehindMLM"
  26. ↑ 26.0 26.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  27. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  28. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  29. ↑ “How does Lyoness work” “Lyoness Official Website”, June 8, 2013
  30. ↑ [1]
  31. ↑ “Lyoness Press Information” “Lyoness Press Information”, July 13, 2013
  32. ↑ 32.0 32.1 32.2 32.3 “Lyoness Loyalty Program Benefits” “Lyoness Official Website”, June 8, 2013
  33. ↑ “Frequently Asked Questions” “Lyoness Official Website”, July 22, 2013
  34. ↑ 34.0 34.1 34.2 34.3 34.4 “Der Mann hinter Lyoness”, “ORF Report”, April 23, 2013
  35. ↑ “General questions regarding Lyoness” “Lyoness Official Website”, July 22, 2013
  36. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  37. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  38. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  39. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  40. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  41. ↑ “General questions regarding Lyoness” “Lyoness Official Website”, June 8, 2013
  42. ↑ “Lyoness Greenfinity Foundation” “Lyoness Greenfinity Foundation Official Website”, June 8, 2013
  43. ↑ “Lyoness Open: Sponsors” “Lyoness Open Website”, June 8, 2013
  44. ↑ “Lyoness Open powered by Greenfinity” “European Tour Official Website”, June 8, 2013
  45. ↑ “Lyoness European Juniors League” “European Juniors League Website”, June 8, 2013
  46. ↑ “Wirtschaftsblatt” “Wirtschaftsblatt”, June 22, 2015
  47. ↑ “Format” “Format”, June 23, 2015
  48. ↑ Gier nach Geld – Schneeballsysteme und getarnte Pyramidenspiele erleben einen neuen Aufschwung, Kriminalpolizei, December, 2004
  49. ↑ Gegendarstellung Kriminalpolizei, Kripo Online, January 2005
  50. ↑ 50.0 50.1 “Anfragebeantwortung”, “Austrian Parliamentary Materials”, August 3, 2005
  51. ↑ “AK: Vorsicht bei Einkaufsgemeinschaft Lyoness”, “ORF”, November 11, 2008
  52. ↑ “Lyoness: Haende weg!”, “Beobachter”, March, 2010
  53. ↑ “Lyoness Verhandlung Klagenfurt”, “Kleine Zeitung”, January, 2012
  54. ↑ “Lyoness ou l’argent facile”, “L’Hebdo”, Februari, 2012
  55. ↑ “Lyoness: Drohen mit Millionenforderung”, “Beobachter”, February, 2012
  56. ↑ 56.0 56.1 “Lyoness ist Fall für Korruptions-Ankläger”, “Der Standard”, July 2012
  57. ↑ “Urteil gegen umstrittene Schweizer firma Lyoness”, “Handelszeitung”, June, 2012
  58. ↑ “Lyoness: Prominente Partner Springen Ab”, “Handelszeitung”, September 2012
  59. ↑ 59.0 59.1 59.2 “Auf Lyoness rollt Klagelawine zu”, “Wiener Zeitung”, March 2013
  60. ↑ 60.0 60.1 60.2 60.3 60.4 60.5 “Bei Lyoness tobt der Krieg der Gutachter”, “Kleine Zeitung”, April 19, 2013
  61. ↑ “Verbandsklage zielt auf das Rückgrat von Lyoness ab”, “Wirtschaftsblatt”, April 23, 2013
  62. ↑ “ Causa Lyoness – VKI leitet Verbandsklage ein”, “Format”, April 23, 2013
  63. ↑ “Causa Lyoness – VKI leitet Verbandsklage ein”, “Der Standard”, April 23, 2013
  64. ↑ 64.0 64.1 64.2 “Lyoness: Top-Kader sahnten mit illegalem Schenkkreis ab”, “Handelszeitung”, April 3, 2013
  65. ↑ “Lyoness rüstet sich mit Gutachten gegen Klagen”, “Der Standard”, April 5, 2013
  66. ↑ “Der Goldesel”, “Beobachter”, April, 2013
  67. ↑ 67.0 67.1 “Gutachten über Lyoness: Kein Pyramidenspiel”
  68. ↑ http://www.justiz.gv.at/web2013/html/default/2c9484853f386e94013f57e51d320e9a.de.html
  69. ↑ http://www.nachrichten.at/nachrichten/wirtschaft/Ist-Lyoness-ein-Schneeballsystem-Juristen-uneins-Kunden-unzufrieden;art15,1300757
  70. ↑ “Wirtschaftsblatt”
  71. ↑ “Gutachten über Lyoness: “OTS”
  72. ↑ “Kurier”, “Kurier”, February 18, 2015
  73. ↑ “Wirtschaftsblatt”, “Wirtschaftsblatt”, March 19, 2015
  74. ↑ “Der Standard”, “Der Standard”, May 7, 2015
  75. ↑ “Wirtschaftsblatt”, “Wirtschaftsblatt”, May 6, 2015
  76. ↑ “ORF”, “ORF: Lyoness investigation concluded”, August 27, 2015
  77. ↑ 77.0 77.1 "Lotteritilsynet skal vurdere Lyoness"
  78. ↑ 78.0 78.1 "Norway Launch Lyoness Pyramid Investigation"
  79. ↑ "UOKiK sprawdza Program lojalnościowy Lyoness"
  80. ↑ "Program lojalnościowy może być przykrywką dla piramidy finansowej"
  81. ↑ "UOKiK bada działanie Programu Lojalnościowego Lyoness"
  82. ↑ "Tilsynssak pyramidespill - krav om dokumentasjon om virksomheten til Lyoness i Norge"
  83. ↑ “Lyoness: ACCC takes action against alleged pyramid scheme operator”, “ACCC Website and Media Release”, 28 August 2014
  84. ↑ “Shopping Network Lyoness Accused of Running Pyramid Scheme"
  85. ↑ 85.0 85.1 Dragons’ Den Canada season 6: episode 9, November 30, 2011
  86. ↑ TV Beitrag 'Lyoness - Die Geldmaschine' vom 13. November 2012
  87. ↑ TV Beitrag '"Einkaufsgemeinschaft" Lyoness' vom 27. November 2012
  88. ↑ TV Beitrag 'Der Mann hinter Lyoness' vom 24. April 2013
  89. ↑ ORF Report: ‘Der Goldesel‘, December 19, 2013
  90. ↑ 90.0 90.1 90.2 “Lyoness Income Disclosure Statement 2012”, “Lyoness Official Website”, June 8, 2013
  91. ↑ “Lyoness Income Disclosure Statement 2013”
  92. ↑ “Lyoness Income Disclosure Statement Canada 2013”
  93. ↑ “Plattform Lyoness”, “Plattform Lyoness”, June 8, 2013
  94. ↑ “Lyoness Complaint Centre”, “Lyoness Complaint Centre”, June 8, 2013
  95. ↑ 95.0 95.1 “Ermittlungsakt für Lyoness-Gegner tabu”, “Der Standard”, June 5, 2013
  96. ↑ “Klage und einstweilige Verfügung gegen Plattform”, “Plattform Lyoness”, June 4, 2013
  97. ↑ “Republik Österreich - Einstweilige Verfügung”, “Plattform Lyoness”, July 10, 2013
  98. ↑ “ORF”

External links

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