Bone growth factor
A bone growth factor is a growth factor that stimulates the growth of bone tissue.[1][2]
Known bone growth factors include insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1), insulin-like growth factor-2 (IGF-2), transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β), fibroblast growth factors (FGFs), platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF), parathyroid hormone-related peptide (PTHrP), bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs), and certain members of the growth differentiation factor (GDF) group of proteins.[1][2][3]
Major hormones influencing bone growth and morphology include growth hormone (which acts via inducing IGF-1 production), androgens such as testosterone and dihydrotestosterone, and estrogens such as estradiol.[3][4] GH/IGF-1 are responsible for increasing overall body size, longitudinal bone size, and height, especially during puberty.[3][4] Estrogens cause the hips to widen and become rounded during puberty in females, and androgens cause the shoulders to broaden in males.[5][6][7] Estrogens mediate epiphyseal closure in both males and females.[3][4] Other hormones implicated in control of bone growth include thyroid hormone, parathyroid hormone,[8] calcitonin,[9] glucocorticoids such as cortisol, and vitamin D (calcitriol).[4]
See also
References
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