Ivan Schmalhausen

Ivan Schmalhausen
File:IISchmalhausen.jpg Ivan Ivanovich Schmalhausen
Born	Ivan Ivanovich Schmalhausen April 23, 1884 Kiev, Russian Empire
Died	October 7, 1963 Leningrad, Soviet Union
Nationality	Russian Soviet
Fields	Zoologist, evolutionist
Institutions	University of Tartu Kiev University, others
Alma mater	Kiev University
Doctoral advisor	Alexey Severtzov
Doctoral students	Boris Balinsky
Known for	"The Organism as a Whole in its Individual and Historical Development" (1938) Factors of evolution: the theory of stabilizing selection (1949)

Ivan Ivanovich Schmalhausen (Russian: Ива́н Ива́нович Шмальга́узен; April 23, 1884 – October 7, 1963) was a Ukrainian-Russian and Soviet zoologist and evolutionist. He was one of the central figures in the development of the modern evolutionary synthesis.

Life and career

Ivan Ivanovich Schmalhausen was born in Kiev, Russian Empire (now Ukraine) on April 23, 1884 to Luise Schmalhausen (Luisa Ludwigovna Schmalhausen) and Johannes Theodor Schmalhausen (1849–1894). His father was one of the founding fathers of Russian paleobotany.

In 1901 Schmalhausen graduated gymnasium and enrolled at Kiev University, but was expelled a year later after taking a part in the student disturbances. In 1902 he resumed his university studies at Kiev in the faculty of Biological Science. Around 1902 he became acquainted with the founder of the Russian school of evolutionary morphology, Alexey Severtzov (1866–1936). He went on to become Professor of Darwinism at Moscow University and Director of the Institute for Evolutionary Morphology.

In 1904 Schmalhausen, under the guidance of Severtzov, completed his first scientific work on the embryonic development of lungs in a Grass Snake. He graduated from the university in 1909.

In 1910 Schmalhausen married Lydia Kozlova, a teacher of French from a small provincial Russian town.

He educated many eminent botanists, including Józef Paczoski, the founder of phytosociology.

On 23 August 1948 he became victim of order 1208, one of a series signed by Minister of Higher Education in the USSR, Sergei Kaftanov, which led to the mass dismissals of many university professors. This destroyed his career, as it removed his professorship and also decreed that his books and research projects be destroyed. This was because he was accused of being a Weissmannist and pro-Morganist, who promoted the neo-Darwinian theory of evolution by natural selection, at a time when T. D. Lysenko and his followers were emphasising a process of heredity that focused on interaction with the environment and the inheritance of acquired characteristics along Lamarckian lines. This theory was being put into practice in agriculture under Lysenko, who claimed to have improved wheat using Lamarckian techniques, and was central to the Stalin's politics which stressed that hard work led to improvement in future generations.

He had just written his book Factors of Evolution, which was translated into English and published in the west in 1949 and returned to work in morphology.

In 1955, Schmalhausen was one of the signers of the "Letter of 300"—a collective letter by three hundred scientists denouncing Lysenkoism.

He died on October 7, 1963 in Leningrad.

Schmalhausen's Law

Schmalhausen's Law is a general principle that a population living at the boundary of its tolerance, in extreme or unusual conditions with regard to any aspect of its existence will be more vulnerable to small differences in any other aspect. Therefore, the variance of data is not simply noise interfering with the detection of so-called "main effects", but also an indicator of stressful conditions leading to greater vulnerability.