Ivan the Terrible (Prokofiev)

Ivan the Terrible (Russian: Иван Грозный), Op. 116, is incidental music by Sergei Prokofiev, composed in 1942-45 for Sergei Eisenstein's film Ivan the Terrible and its sequel, the first two parts of an incomplete trilogy. The project was Prokofiev's second collaboration with Eisenstein, the first being the popular Aleksandr Nevskiy (1938). The majority of the song texts were written by Vladimir Lugovskoy, who collaborated with Prokofiev on the texts for Aleksandr Nevskiy.

The subject of the "First Tale" (Part 1) is the early years, 1547 to 1565, of the reign of Ivan IV of Russia: his coronation, his intent to curb the powers of the boyars, his wedding, his conquest of Kazan, his almost fatal illness, the poisoning and death of his first wife Anastasiya, the formation of the Oprichniki, and his abdication.

The "Second Tale" (Part 2), subtitled The Boyar Conspiracy, covers the years 1565 to 1569, and concerns the defection of Prince Kurbskiy to Poland-Lithuania, Ivan's disputes with Philip II, Metropolitan of Moscow, the intrigues of the boyars, the excesses of the Oprichniki, the attempted coup by the boyars and Ivan's aunt, Yefrosinya Staritskaya, the murder of her son Vladimir Staritsky, and Ivan's triumph over his domestic enemies.

The film scores were not published during Prokofiev's lifetime. They were arranged in 1961 as an oratorio for soloists, chorus, and orchestra by Levon Atovmyan, one of Prokofiev's assistants. However, before this version could be performed, the music received its concert premiere in 1961 in Moscow in the form of an oratorio for speaker, soloists, chorus, and orchestra by Abram Stasevich, who conducted the scores for Eisenstein.

In 1973 the composer Mikhail Chulaki and choreographer Yuri Grigorovich drew on Prokofiev's film scores to create the ballet Ivan the Terrible, which was given its premiere in 1975. Later performing editions of the scores include an oratorio put together by Michael Lankester (1989), and a concert scenario by Christopher Palmer (1991). The restoration of the entire original film score has been published and recorded.

History

Composition history

Sergei Prokofiev(1891–1953) Sergei Prokofiev (1891–1953)   Sergei Eisenstein (1898–1948)

Publication history

• 1958, 'Songs and Choruses from the Music for the Film Ivan the Terrible', vocal scores, published by Levon Atovmyan in the magazine Sovetskaya Muzyka; the six numbers included: 'The Black Cloud', 'Ocean-Sea', 'Song of Praise', 'The Swan', 'The Cannoneers', and 'Song about the Beaver'
• 1960, 'Songs and Choruses from Cantatas, Oratorios, and Films', published by Levon Atovmyan, vocal scores, Sovetskiy Kompozitor; the numbers from Ivan the Terrible included 'The Oath of the Oprichniki', 'Song of Fyodor Basmanov and the Oprichniki', and the 'Song of the Oprichniki'
• 1997, Ivan the Terrible, film score, full score, Musikverlage Hans Sikorski, Hamburg

Numbers

Note: The column marked 'S' shows the numbering of the musical numbers by Musikverlag Hans Sikorski, the publisher of the restored film score (zeros have been inserted before single digit numbers for sorting purposes). 'A' stands for Anhang (the appendix), which includes the liturgical numbers used in the film that were either arranged by Prokofiev or were not written into his score of Ivan the Terrible.

The numbers may be grouped into 'scenes' according to location or subject matter as follows:

1. Prologue
2. Coronation
3. Wedding
4. The Subjugation of Kazan
5. Ivan's Illness
6. The Death of Anastasiya
7. Oath of the Oprichniki
8. The Court of the Polish King
9. Lamentation for the Executed Boyars
10. Furnace Play
11. Yefrosinya's Plot
12. The Tsar's Banquet
13. Murder in the Cathedral

No.	S	Title	English	Source	Scoring
1.01	01	Увертюра	Overture	Prokofiev	Chor/Orch
1.02	02	Смерть Глинской	Death of Glinskaya	Prokofiev	Chor/Orch
1.03	03	Марш молодого Ивана	March of the Young Ivan	Prokofiev	Orch
1.04	04a	Океан-море	Ocean-Sea	Prokofiev	Solo/Chor/Orch
1.05	04b	Океан-море	Ocean-Sea	Prokofiev	Orch
1.06	05	Шуйский и псари	Shuyskiy and the Huntsmen	Prokofiev	Orch
1.07	A01	Кирие элейсон	Kyrie eleison	Liturgy	Chor
1.08	A02	Софрониевская херувимская песнь	Sofroniy's Cherubic Song	Monastic song, transcribed by Kastalsky	Chor
1.09	06	Многая лета!	Many Years!	Traditional, arranged by Prokofiev	Chor
1.10	07	Величание	Praise Song	Prokofiev	Chor/Orch
1.11	08	Лебедь	The Swan	Prokofiev	Chor/Orch
1.12	09	Юродивый	The Holy Fool	Prokofiev	Orch
1.13	10	Бунт	Riot	Prokofiev	Orch
1.14	11	Выход татар	Entrance of the Tatars	Prokofiev	Orch
1.15	12	Пушки движутся на Казань	The Cannons are Moved to Kazan	Prokofiev	Orch
1.16	13	Палатка Ивана	Ivan's Tent	Prokofiev	Orch
1.17	14	Степь татарская	Tatar Steppe	Prokofiev	Chor/Orch
1.18	15	Пушкари	The Cannoneers	Prokofiev	Chor/Orch
1.19	16	Татары	The Tatars	Prokofiev	Orch
1.20	17	Трубы Курбского	Kurbskiy's Trumpets	Prokofiev	Orch
1.21	18	Атака	Attack	Prokofiev	Orch
1.22	19	Зависть Малюты	Malyuta's Jealousy	Prokofiev	Orch
1.23	20	Казань взята	Kazan is Taken	Prokofiev	Orch
1.24	A04	Душе моя	My Soul	Obikhod	Chor
1.25	A05	Многомилостиве Господи	Most Merciful Lord	Obikhod	Chor
1.26	21	Иван умоляет бояр	Ivan Implores the Boyars	Prokofiev	Orch
1.27	22	Болезнь Анастасии	Anastasiya's Illness	Prokofiev	Orch
1.28	23	Отравление Анастасии	The Poisoning of Anastasiya	Prokofiev	Orch
1.29	A06	Вечная память	Eternal Remembrance	Obikhod	Chor
1.30	A07	Со святыми упокой	Rest with the Saints	Obikhod	Chor
1.31	A08	Сам един еси	Thou Alone	Obikhod, transcribed by Vinogradov	Chor
1.32	24	Иван у гроба Анастасии	Ivan at Anastasiya's Coffin	Prokofiev	Orch
1.33	25	Клятва опричников	Oath of the Oprichniki	Prokofiev	Chor/Orch
1.34	26	Вернись!	Come Back!	Prokofiev	Chor/Orch
2.01	27	Фанфары	Fanfares	Prokofiev	Orch
2.02	27a	Полонез	Polonaise	Prokofiev	Orch
2.03	A09	Не рыдай мене, мати	Do not Sob for Me, Mother	Ivanov	Chor
2.04	A10	Уне тебе бяше, Иудо	It Were Better for You, Judas	Liturgy	Chor
2.05	28a	Дивен Бог	Wondrous is God	Bortnyansky	Chor
2.06	28b	Пение отроков	Singing of the Boys	Prokofiev	3 Boys
2.07	29	Песня про бобра	Song about the Beaver	Prokofiev	Solo/Orch
2.08	30a	Хаотическая пляска опричников	Chaotic Dance of the Oprichniki	Prokofiev	Orch
2.09	30b	Организованная пляска опричников	Orderly Dance of the Oprichniki	Prokofiev	Orch
2.10	31	Куплеты опричников	Song of the Oprichniki	Prokofiev	Solo/Chor/Orch
2.11	31a	Куплеты опричников	Song of the Oprichniki	Prokofiev	Orch
2.12	32a 32b	Хор опричников	Chorus of the Oprichniki	Prokofiev	Chor/Orch
2.13	32c	Убийство Владимира	Vladimir's Murder	Prokofiev	Orch
2.14	33	Выход Ивана	Entrance of Ivan	Prokofiev	Orch

Performance duration is about 100 minutes.

Several numbers can be divided into two parts, each of which are often quoted in the film separately:

• The first half of the 'Overture' is the orchestral 'A Storm Approaches' (the Ivan theme); the second half is the chorus 'The Black Cloud'.
• The first part of 'The Death of Glinskaya' accompanies, in the second film, the flashback of the poisoning of the 8-year-old-Ivan's mother; the second part is the chorus 'On the Bones of our Enemies'.
• The first half of 'Come Back!' depicts the people's chorus of supplication after Ivan's abdication; the second half is the 'Finale' (a variation of 'The Storm Approaches'), which concludes both films.

Scoring and instrumentation

• Vocal soloists: contralto (or mezzo-soprano), baritone
• Choir: four-part (SATB) mixed chorus
• Strings: violins I & II, violas, cellos, double basses
• Woodwinds: 2 flutes, 2 oboes, english horn, 2 clarinets, E-flat clarinet, bass clarinet, tenor saxophone, 2 bassoons, contrabassoon
• Brass: 4 horns, 5 trumpets, 3 trombones, 2 tubas
• Percussion: timpani, bass drum, snare drum, triangle, tambourine, cymbals, bells, church bells, glockenspiel, xylophone, wood block, whip
• Other: piano, harp

Versions by other hands

Oratorio by Levon Atovmyan (1961)

Performance history

Atovmyan's oratorio finally received its public premiere on 28 January 2012 at the Royal Festival Hall, London. Vladimir Jurowski conducted the London Philharmonic Orchestra and Chorus. The soloists were Ewa Podleś and Andrey Breus.

The Russian premiere took place on 2 April 2012 in the Great Hall of the Moscow Conservatory. Vladimir Jurowski conducted the London Philharmonic Orchestra with the Sveshnikov State Academic Russian Choir and the Chamber Choir of the Moscow Conservatory. The soloists were Elena Zaremba and Andrey Breus.

The North American premiere took place on 18 October 2012 at Davies Symphony Hall, San Francisco. Vladimir Jurowski conducted the San Francisco Symphony and Chorus. The soloists were Elena Zaremba and Andrey Breus.

Numbers

Atovmyan's oratorio is in 8 sections, some consisting of several numbers (or parts of numbers) from the film score—refer to 'Sequence' below:

No.	Original	English	Sequence
1	Иван и бояре	Ivan and the Boyars	• Overture (Ivan Theme) • The Black Cloud • The Riot • Ivan Implores the Boyars • Come back! • On the Bones of Our Enemies • Overture (Ivan Theme)
2	Песня про бобра	Song about the Beaver	Song about the Beaver
3	Опричнина	The Oprichnina	• Chaotic Dance of the Oprichniki • Chorus of the Oprichniki • Orderly Dance of the Oprichniki • Song of the Oprichniki • Oath of the Oprichniki • Orderly Dance of the Oprichniki
4	Лебедь	The Swan	The Swan
5	Анастасия	Anastasiya	• Anastasiya's Illness • The Poisoning of Anastasiya • Anastasiya's Illness
6	Океан-море	Ocean-Sea	• The Entrance of Ivan • Ocean-Sea
7	Взятие Казани	The Taking of Kazan	• Ivan's Tent • The Tatars • Entrance of the Tatars • The Tatars • The Cannoneers • The Cannons are Moved to Kazan • Kurbskiy's Trumpets • Attack • Kazan is Taken • Ivan's Tent
8	Величание	Praise Song	• March of the Young Ivan • Praise Song • The Death of Glinskaya • On the Bones of our Enemies • Overture (Ivan theme)

Performance duration is about 45 minutes.

Scoring and instrumentation

• Vocal soloists: contralto (or mezzo-soprano), baritone
• Choir: four-part (SATB) mixed chorus
• Strings: violins I & II, violas, cellos, double basses
• Woodwinds: 2 piccolos, 2 flutes, 2 oboes, english horn, 2 clarinets, E-flat clarinet, bass clarinet, tenor saxophone, 2 bassoons, contrabassoon
• Brass: 4 horns, 5 trumpets, 3 trombones, 2 tubas
• Percussion: timpani, piccolo timpani, bass drum, snare drum, triangle, tambourine, cymbals, tam-tam, bells, xylophone, wood block, whip
• Other: piano, celesta, 2 harps

Oratorio by Abram Stasevich (1961)

The following commentary, by one T. Korganov, was printed in the preface to Stasevich's vocal score in 1961:

"Without adding material of his own or making changes to the composer's manuscript, A. Stasevich approached the music for the film in a creative manner turning it into an oratorio consisting of 20 numbers. By repeating certain episodes and sections, and by linking them in a variety of ways, Stasevich was able to turn the various parts of this substantial work into self-contained numbers. In order to comply with the dictates of musical logic, he did not always adhere strictly to the order of the musical episodes prescribed by the plot. Thus certain episodes were transformed into tripartite structures, and others expanded to become rather large movements. Certain changes were also made to the orchestration, and certain instrumental lines were reinforced ... Stasevich also added another formal determinant in the shape of a speaker."

Performance history

The premiere took place on 23 April 1961 in the Great Hall of the Moscow Conservatory. Abram Stasevich conducted the Moscow State Philharmonic Orchestra.

Publication history

• 1962, Ivan the Terrible, oratorio by Abram Stasevich, vocal score, Sovetskiy Kompozitor, Moscow
• 1972, Ivan the Terrible, oratorio by Stasevich, full score, Sovetskiy Kompozitor, Moscow

Numbers

Stasevich's oratorio is in 20 movements, some consisting of several numbers (or parts of numbers) from the film score—refer to 'Sequence' below:

No.	Original	English	Sequence
1	Увертюра	Overture	• Overture (Ivan theme) • The Black Cloud • The Death of Glinskaya • Shuyskiy and the Huntsmen • The Death of Glinskaya • The Black Cloud • Overture (Ivan theme)
2	Марш молодого Ивана	March of the Young Ivan	March of the Young Ivan
3	Океан-море	Ocean-Sea	Ocean-Sea
4	Царём буду!	I Shall Be Tsar!	Overture (Ivan theme)
5	Дивен Бог	Wondrous is God	Wondrous is God
6	Многая лета!	Many Years!	Many Years!
	Океан-море	Ocean-Sea	Ocean-Sea
	Многая лета!	Many Years!	Many Years!
7	Юродивый	The Holy Fool	• The Holy Fool • The Riot • The Holy Fool
8	Лебедь	The Swan	The Swan
	Величальная	Praise Song	Praise Song
	Лебедь	The Swan	The Swan
9	На костях врагов	On the Bones of Our Enemies	On the Bones of Our Enemies
10	Татары	The Tatars	• Entrance of the Tatars (2 times) • The Tatars • Entrance of the Tatars
11	Пушкари	The Cannoneers	• The Cannoneers • Ivan's Tent • The Cannoneers
12	На Казань!	To Kazan!	• The Cannons are Moved to Kazan • Entrance of Ivan • The Tatar Steppe • Entrance of Ivan • Ivan's Tent • The Tatar Steppe • Ivan theme • Kurbskiy's Trumpets • Attack • Malyuta's Jealousy • Attack • The Tatars • The Cannoneers • Kazan is Taken
13	Иван умоляет бояр	Ivan Implores the Boyars	Ivan Implores the Boyars
	Степь Татарская	The Tatar Steppe	The Tatar Steppe
14	Ефросинья и Анастасия	Yefrosinya and Anastasiya	• The Poisoning of Anastasiya • Anastasiya's Illness • The Poisoning of Anastasiya
15	Песня про бобра (колыбельная Ефросиньи)	Song about the Beaver (Yefrosinya's Lullaby)	Song about the Beaver
16	Иван у гроба Анастасии	Ivan at the Coffin of Anastasiya	Singing of the Boys
17	Хор Опричников	Chorus of the Oprichniki	Chorus of the Oprichniki
	Клятва Опричников	Oath of the Oprichniki	Oath of the Oprichniki
18	Песня Фёдора Басманова с опричниками	Song of Fyodor Basmanov with the Oprichniki	Song of the Oprichniki
19	Пляска Опричников	Dance of the Oprichniki	• Chaotic Dance of the Oprichniki • Orderly Dance of the Oprichniki
20	Финал	Finale	• Ivan at the Coffin of Anastasiya • Come Back! • Finale (Ivan Theme) • On the Bones of Our Enemies • Ivan Theme

Performance duration is about 75 minutes.

Ballet by Mikhail Chulaki (1975)

The ballet Ivan the Terrible was arranged by Mikhail Chulaki for a 1975 production by choreographer Yuriy Grigorovich at the Bolshoy Theatre. The two act work consists of selections from Prokofiev's film score for Ivan the Terrible supplemented with excerpts from his Symphony No. 3 (1928), Russian Overture (1936), and film score for Aleksandr Nevsky (1938).

Performance history

The world premiere performance took place on 20 February 1975 at the Bolshoy Theatre. Algis Zhuraitis conducted. The cast included Yuriy Vladimirov (Ivan), Nataliya Bessmertnova (Anastasiya), and Boris Akimov (Kurbskiy).

Oratorio by Michael Lankester (1988)

Performance history

The premiere took place on 4 May 1988. Michael Lankester conducted the Hartford Symphony Orchestra.

Numbers

This version of Ivan the Terrible consists of 29 numbers.

Performance duration is about 95 minutes.

Concert Scenario by Christopher Palmer (1991)

Christopher Palmer discusses his Ivan the Terrible concert scenario in the notes to a Chandos CD recording made a few days after the work's premiere:

"...in 1962 Abram Stasevich (1906-1971), who had conducted Ivan for the film soundtrack, published his Ivan the Terrible 'oratorio' for speaker, soloists, chorus and orchestra which incorporated all the major musical sequences in the film plus a few that had been left out (notably 'Russian Sea'). It is in this form that the Ivan music has been known outside the film ever since, and in this form that critics have tended to find it long and diffuse. The main problem is the speaker, introduced by Stasevich primarily because he had been unwise enough to try and incorporate a large number of short fragmentary episodes, and had to find a way of stitching them together. Unfortunately once the speaker was in, he seemed to take over the entire work—much to its detriment in terms of narrative intelligibility and tightness of structure. My new 'performing version' eliminates the speaker and shorter sections (most of which are pastiche Russian-liturgical music of minimal Prokofievian interest). It also restores a number of episodes to their original format, most importantly the assassination of the Pretender in Part II—the climax of the film and one of the most electrifying moments in film music. While retaining Stasevich's make-up of most of the larger movements, I have reverted largely to the film's original sequence of musical events."

Performance history

The concert scenario received its premiere on 28 February 1991 at the Royal Festival Hall in London. Neeme Järvi conducted the Philharmonia Orchestra and Chorus.

Numbers

The 'new' work is in 13 movements, some consisting of several numbers (or parts of numbers) from the film score—refer to 'Sequence' below:

No.	Title	Sequence
1	Overture	• Overture (Ivan theme) • The Black Cloud • The Death of Glinskaya • Shuyskiy and the Huntsmen • The Death of Glinskaya • The Black Cloud • Overture(Ivan theme)
2	Russian Sea	Ocean-Sea
3	Wedding	• The Swan • Praise Song • The Swan
4	Fire	• The Holy Fool • The Riot • The Holy Fool
5	Tartars and Cannoneers	• Entrance of the Tatars (2 times) • The Tatars • Entrance of the Tatars • The Cannoneers • Ivan's Tent • The Cannoneers
6	The Storming of Kazan	• The Cannons are Moved to Kazan • Entrance of Ivan • The Tatar Steppe • Entrance of Ivan • Ivan's Tent • The Tatar Steppe • Ivan theme • Kurbskiy's Trumpets • Attack • Malyuta's Jealousy • Attack • The Tatars • The Cannoneers • Kazan is Taken
7	Ivan's Sickness	Ivan Implores the Boyars
8	At the Polish Court	• Fanfares • Polonaise
9	Anastasia	• The Poisoning of Anastasiya • Anastasiya's Illness • The Poisoning of Anastasiya
10	Song of the Beaver (Ephrosynia's Lullaby)	Song about the Beaver
11	The Banquet	• Chaotic Dance of the Oprichniki • Orderly Dance of the Oprichniki • Song of the Oprichniki • Chaotic Dance of the Oprichniki • Orderly Dance of the Oprichniki
12	Murder in the Cathedral	• Chorus of the Oprichniki • Vladimir's Murder
13	Finale (Coda)	Finale (Ivan theme)

Performance duration is about 60 minutes.

Recordings

Audio

Year	Conductor	Orchestra and choir	Soloists	Version
1965?	Abram Stasevich	Moscow State Philharmonic Orchestra, Moscow State Choir	Valentina Levko (mezzo-soprano), Anatoly Mokrenko (baritone), Aleksandr Estrin (speaker)	Stasevich
1972	Maksim Shostakovich	London Philharmonic Orchestra, Yurlov Choral Kapella		Stasevich
1978	Riccardo Muti	Philharmonia Orchestra, Ambrosian Chorus	Irina Arkhipova (mezzo-soprano), Anatoly Mokrenko (baritone), Boris Morgunov (speaker)	Stasevich
1979	Leonard Slatkin	Saint Louis Symphony Orchestra and Chorus	Claudine Carlson (mezzo-soprano), Samuel Timberlake (bass), Without speaker	Stasevich
1991	Neeme Järvi	The Philharmonia Orchestra and Chorus	Linda Finnie (contralto), Nikita Storojev (bass-baritone)	Palmer
1993	Mstislav Rostropovich	London Symphony Orchestra and Chorus, The New London Children's Choir	Tamara Sinyavskaya (mezzo-soprano), Sergei Leiferkus (baritone), Christopher Plummer (narrator)	Lankester
1993	Vladimir Fedoseyev	Ostankino Television-Radio Symphony Orchestra, Yurlov Choral Kapella	Nina Romanova (mezzo-soprano), Grigory Gritsuk (bass), Boris Morgunov (speaker)	Stasevich
1995	Dmitriy Kitayenko	Radio-Sinfonie-Orchester Frankfurt, Danish National Radio Choir, Kinderchor Frankfurt	Tamara Sinyavskaya (mezzo-soprano), Wolfgang Brendel (baritone), Sergey Yursky (speaker)	Stasevich
1996	Alipi Naydenov	Russian Philharmonic Orchestra, Danube Sounds Choir	Vessela Zorova (mezzo-soprano), Dimiter Stanchev (bass), Boris Morgunov (speaker)	Stasevich
1997	Valeriy Gergiev	Rotterdam Philharmonic Orchestra, Chorus of the Kirov Orchestra	Lyubov Sokolova (mezzo-soprano), Nikolay Putilin (baritone), Without speaker	Stasevich
2000	Vladimir Fedoseyev	Tchaikovsky Symphony Orchestra, Yurlov Choral Kapella, Children's Choir of Studio Vesna	Irina Chistyakova (contralto), Dmitry Stepanovich (bass)	Film score
2003	Valeriy Polyansky	State Symphonic Kapella of Russia, Russian State Symphonic Kapella	Lyudmila Kuznetsova (mezzo-soprano), Sergey Toptygin (baritone)	Film score
2004	Leonard Slatkin	BBC Symphony Orchestra and Chorus	Irina Chistyakova (mezzo-soprano), James Rutherford (bass-baritone), Simon Russell Beale (speaker)	Stasevich
2013	Tugan Sokhiev	Deutsches Symphonie-Orchester Berlin, Rundfunkchor Berlin, Staats- und Domchor Berlin	Olga Borodina (mezzo-soprano), Ildar Abdrazakov (bass)	Stasevich

Video

Year	Conductor	Orchestra	Roles	Version
1976	Algis Zhuraitis	Bolshoy Theatre Orchestra	Yuri Vladimirov (Ivan), Natalia Bessmertnova (Anastasia), Boris Akimov (Kurbsky), Bolshoi Ballet	Chulaki
1990	Algis Zhuraitis	Bolshoy Theatre Orchestra	Irek Mukhamedov (Ivan), Natalya Bessmertnova (Anastasia), Gediminas Taranda (Kurbsky), Bolshoi Ballet	Chulaki
2003	Vello Pähn	Orchestre de l’Opéra de Paris	Nicolas Le Riche (Ivan), Eleonora Abbagnato (Anastasia), Karl Paquette (Kurbsky), Ballet de l'Opéra National de Paris	Chulaki

References

Notes

Sources

• Glinka State Central Museum of Musical Culture, Moscow, and Musikverlag Hans Sikorski, Hamburg, The complete music for the film 'Ivan the Terrible', notes to CD NI 5662/3, Nimbus Records Ltd. 2000
• Kravetz, Nelly, An Unknown Ivan the Terrible Oratorio, Three Oranges Journal No. 19, 2010
• Palmer, Christopher, Ivan the Terrible: Concert Scenario, notes to CD CHAN 8977, Chandos Records Ltd. 1991

External links

• Prokofiev Ivan/OperaToday