Near-open central vowel
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(Redirected from Near-open central rounded vowel)
Near-open central unrounded vowel | |||
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ɐ | |||
IPA number | 324 | ||
Encoding | |||
Entity (decimal) | ɐ |
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Unicode (hex) | U+0250 | ||
X-SAMPA | 6 |
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Kirshenbaum | &" |
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Braille | ![]() ![]() |
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Sound | |||
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The near-open central vowel, or near-low central vowel, is a type of vowel sound, used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨ɐ⟩, a rotated lowercase letter a.
The IPA prefers terms "close" and "open" for vowels, and the name of the article follows this. However, a large number of linguists, perhaps a majority, prefer the terms "high" and "low".
Contents
Features
IPA vowel chart | |||||||||||||||||||
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Paired vowels are: unrounded • rounded | |||||||||||||||||||
This table contains phonetic symbols, which may not display correctly in some browsers. [Help] | |||||||||||||||||||
IPA help • IPA key • chart • ![]() |
- Its vowel height is near-open, also known as near-low, which means the tongue is positioned similarly to an open vowel, but is slightly more constricted – that is, the tongue is positioned similarly to a low vowel, but slightly higher.
- Its vowel backness is central, which means the tongue is positioned halfway between a front vowel and a back vowel.
- It may be rounded or, more often, unrounded. If precision is desired, the symbol for the open-mid central unrounded vowel may be used with a lowering diacritic, for the unrounded near-open central vowel, [ɜ̞], and the symbol for the open-mid central rounded vowel with a lowering diacritic may be used for the rounded near-open central vowel, [ɞ̞].
Occurrence
Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Afrikaans[1][2] | dak | [dɐk] | 'roof' | See Afrikaans phonology | |
Arabic[3] | قطة | [qɐtˤ.tˤɐ] | 'cat' | Allophone of long and short /a/ for Persian Gulf speakers. See Arabic phonology | |
Bulgarian | ъгъл | [ˈɤ̞ɡɐɫ] | 'angle' | ||
Catalan | Barcelona metropolitan area[4][5] |
emmagatzemar | [ɐm(ː)ɐɰɐd͡z̺ɐˈmä] | 'to store' | Corresponds to [ə] in other dialects. See Catalan phonology |
Chinese | Cantonese | 心/ sam1 | [sɐm˥] | 'heart' | See Cantonese phonology |
Czech | Bohemian[6] | prach | [prɐx] | 'dust' | Possible realization of /a/.[6] See Czech phonology |
Danish | Standard[7][8][9][10] | ånd | [ɐ̠nˀ] | 'spirit' | Somewhat retracted and somewhat rounded. Most often transcribed in IPA as ⟨ʌ⟩. See Danish phonology |
Dawsahak | [nɐ] | 'to give' | |||
Dutch | Limburg | letter | [ˈlɛtɐ] | 'letter' | Corresponds to /ər/ in standard Dutch. |
Eastern Flemish Brabant |
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The Hague | |||||
Twente | |||||
English | California[11] | nut | [nɐt] | 'nut' | ⟨ʌ⟩ may be used to transcribe this vowel. For most Australians it is fully open [ä], the same is true for some South Africans. In New Zealand it may be fronted [ɐ̟] or somewhat lower [ä].[12] See English phonology |
Cultivated Australian | |||||
New Zealand[12][13] | |||||
Received Pronunciation[14] | |||||
South African | |||||
Scottish[15] | stack | [stɐ̟k] | 'stack' | Fronted; corresponds to [æ] in other dialects, and also [ɑː] in some other dialects. | |
Cockney[16][17] | stuck | 'stuck' | Fronted; may be [a] instead. | ||
Inland Northern American[18] | bet | [bɐt] | 'bet' | Variation of /ɛ/ used in some places whose accents have undergone the Northern cities vowel shift. | |
German | Standard[19] | oder | ![]() |
'or' | Allophone of /ər/ used in many dialects. See German phonology |
Greek[20] | ακακία/akakía | [ɐkɐˈci.ɐ] | 'acacia' | Most often transcribed in IPA as ⟨a⟩. See Modern Greek phonology | |
Hindustani[21] | दस/دَس | [ˈd̪ɐs] | 'ten' | Common realization of /ə/.[21] See Hindustani phonology | |
Ibibio[22] | [dɐ́] | 'stand' | Typically transcribed in IPA as ⟨a⟩.[22] | ||
Kaingang[23] | [ˈᵑɡɐ] | 'terra' | Varies between central [ɐ] and back [ɑ].[24] | ||
Korean[25] | 발/bal | [pɐl] | 'foot' | Somewhat lowered. Typically transcribed as /a/. See Korean phonology | |
Lombard | Sant | [ˈsɐnt] | 'saint' | ||
Luxembourgish[26][27] | Mauer | [ˈmɑ̝ʊ̯ɐ] | 'wall' | Allophone of unstressed word-final /eʀ/ and non-prevocalic coda /ʀ/. In the latter case, it may be realized as mid [ə] instead.[27] See Luxembourgish phonology | |
Mapudungun[28] | karü | [ˈkɐ̝ʐɘ̝] | 'green' | Somewhat raised.[28] | |
Norwegian | Bergensk | kor | [kʰɔɐ̯] | 'where' | Stigmatized realization of coda /r/. See Norwegian phonology |
Sandnes-mål[29] | baden | [ˈbɐːdən] | 'child' | ||
Portuguese | Fluminense | açúcar | [ɐˈsukɐχ] | 'sugar' | In complementary distribution with [a].[30] Raised to [ɜ ~ ɜ̝] in other variants, and in many contexts (particularly if nasalized). See Portuguese phonology |
General Brazilian[30] | aranha-marrom | [ɐˈɾɜ̃j̃ə mɐˈχõ̞ː] | 'recluse spider' | ||
European[31] | pão | [pɐ̃w̃] | 'bread' | Stressed vowel, mostly as a phonemic nasal vowel (when not followed by a nasal stop). Raised otherwise. | |
Romanian | Moldavian dialects[32] | bărbat | [bɐrbat][stress?] | 'man' | Corresponds to [ə] in standard Romanian. See Romanian phonology |
Russian[33] | голова | ![]() |
'head' | Occurs mostly immediately before stressed syllables. See Russian phonology | |
Sema[34] | ala | [ɐ̀lɐ̀] | 'path' | Also described as open [ä].[35] | |
Slovak[36] | a | [ɐ] | 'and' | Possible realization of /a/; most commonly realized as open [ä] instead.[37] See Slovak phonology | |
Slovene | Standard[38][39] | brat | [bɾɐ́t̪] | 'brother' | Corresponds to short /a/ in traditional pronunciation.[39] See Slovene phonology |
Ukrainian | дитина | [dɪ'tɪnɐ] | 'child' | Unstressed allophone of /ɑ/. See Ukrainian phonology | |
Upper Sorbian[40] | pjasć | [ˈpʲɐst͡ʃ] | 'fist' | Allophone of /a/ after soft consonants.[40] See Upper Sorbian phonology | |
Vietnamese[41] | chếch | [cɐ̆jk̚] | 'askance' | Typically transcribed in IPA as ⟨ə̆⟩. See Vietnamese phonology | |
Xumi | Lower[42] | [Htsʰɐ] | 'salt' | ||
Upper[43] | [Htsɐ] | 'sinew' |
See also
Notes
- ↑ Lass (1984), pp. 76, 93–94 and 105.
- ↑ Donaldson (1993), p. 18.
- ↑ Thelwall (1990), p. 39.
- ↑ Rafel (1999), p. 14.
- ↑ Harrison (1997), pp. 2.
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 Dankovičová (1999), p. 72.
- ↑ Grønnum (1998), pp. 100.
- ↑ Grønnum (2005), pp. 268.
- ↑ Grønnum (2003).
- ↑ Basbøll (2005), p. 47.
- ↑ Ladefoged (1999), p. ?.
- ↑ 12.0 12.1 Bauer et al. (2007), p. 98.
- ↑ Mannell, Cox & Harrington (2009).
- ↑ Roca & Johnson (1999), p. 186.
- ↑ Scobbie, Gordeeva & Matthews (2006), p. 7.
- ↑ Wells (1982), p. 305.
- ↑ Hughes & Trudgill (1979), p. 35.
- ↑ Labov, William; Ash, Sharon; Boberg, Charles (1997), A National Map of the Regional Dialects of American English, Department of Linguistics, University of Pennsylvania, retrieved March 15, 2013<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- ↑ Mangold (2005), p. 37.
- ↑ Arvaniti (2007), p. 25.
- ↑ 21.0 21.1 Ohala (1999), p. 102.
- ↑ 22.0 22.1 Urua (2004), p. 106.
- ↑ Jolkesky (2009), pp. 676–677 and 682.
- ↑ Jolkesky (2009), pp. 676 and 682.
- ↑ Lee (1999), p. 121.
- ↑ Trouvain & Gilles (2009), p. 75.
- ↑ 27.0 27.1 Gilles & Trouvain (2013), pp. 68, 70.
- ↑ 28.0 28.1 Sadowsky et al. (2013:92)
- ↑ Ims (2010), p. 14.
- ↑ 30.0 30.1 Barbosa & Albano (2004), p. 229.
- ↑ Cruz-Ferreira (1995), pp. 91–92.
- ↑ Pop (1938), p. 29.
- ↑ Padgett & Tabain (2005), p. 16.
- ↑ Teo (2012:368)
- ↑ Teo (2014:28)
- ↑ Pavlík (2004:95)
- ↑ Pavlík (2004:94–95)
- ↑ Jurgec (2007), p. 2.
- ↑ 39.0 39.1 Jurgec (2005), pp. 9 and 12.
- ↑ 40.0 40.1 Šewc-Schuster (1984), p. 31.
- ↑ Hoang (1965:24)
- ↑ Chirkova & Chen (2013:369–370)
- ↑ Chirkova, Chen & Kocjančič Antolík (2013:388)
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