Voiceless velar stop

From Infogalactic: the planetary knowledge core
Jump to: navigation, search
Voiceless velar stop
k
IPA number 109
Encoding
Entity (decimal) k
Unicode (hex) U+006B
X-SAMPA k
Kirshenbaum k
Braille ⠅ (braille pattern dots-13)
Sound

The voiceless velar stop or voiceless velar plosive is a type of consonantal sound used in many spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨k⟩, and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is k.

The [k] sound is a very common sound cross-linguistically. Most languages have at least a plain [k], and some distinguish more than one variety. Most Indo-Aryan languages, such as Hindi and Bengali, have a two-way contrast between aspirated and plain [k]. Only a few languages lack a voiceless velar stop, e.g. Tahitian.

There is also a voiceless post-velar stop (also called pre-uvular) in some languages. For voiceless pre-velar stop (also called post-palatal), see voiceless palatal stop.

Features

Features of the voiceless velar stop:

  • Its manner of articulation is occlusive, which means it is produced by obstructing airflow in the vocal tract. Since the consonant is also oral, with no nasal outlet, the airflow is blocked entirely, and the consonant is a stop.
  • Its place of articulation is velar, which means it is articulated with the back of the tongue at the soft palate.
  • Its phonation is voiceless, which means it is produced without vibrations of the vocal cords. In some languages the vocal cords are actively separated, so it is always voiceless; in others the cords are lax, so that it may take on the voicing of adjacent sounds.
  • It is an oral consonant, which means air is allowed to escape through the mouth only.
  • It is a central consonant, which means it is produced by directing the airstream along the center of the tongue, rather than to the sides.
  • The airstream mechanism is pulmonic, which means it is articulated by pushing air solely with the lungs and diaphragm, as in most sounds.

Varieties

IPA Description
k plain k
kʰ aspirated k
kʲ palatalized k
kʷ labialized k
k̚ k with no audible release
k̬ voiced k
kʼ ejective k

Occurrence

Language Word IPA Meaning Notes
Abkhaz ақалақь [ˈakalakʲ] 'the city' See Abkhaz phonology
Adyghe Shapsug кьэт About this sound [kʲat] (help·info) 'chicken' Dialectal. Corresponds to [t͡ʃ] in other dialects.
Temirgoy пскэн [pskan] 'to cough' Dialectal. Corresponds to [t͡ʃ] in other dialects.
Ahtna gistaann [kɪstʰɐːn] 'six'
Aleut[1] kiikax̂ [kiːkaχ] 'cranberry bush'
Arabic Standard[2] كتب [ˈkatabɐ] 'he wrote' See Arabic phonology
Armenian Eastern[3] քաղաք [kʰɑˈʁɑkʰ] 'town' Contrasts with unaspirated form.
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic kuleh [kulɛː] 'all' Used in most varieties, with the exception of the Urmia and Nochiya dialects
where it corresponds to [t͡ʃ].
Basque katu [kat̪u] 'cat'
Bengali কম [kɔm] 'less' Contrasts with aspirated form. See Bengali phonology
Bulgarian как [kak] 'how'
Catalan[4] quinze [ˈkinzə] 'fifteen' See Catalan phonology
Chinese Cantonese 家/gaa1 [kaː˥] 'home' Contrasts with aspirated and or labialized forms. See Cantonese phonology
Mandarin 高/gāo [kɑʊ˥] 'high' Contrasts with aspirated form. See Mandarin phonology
Czech kost [kost] 'bone' See Czech phonology
Danish Standard[5] gås [ˈkɔ̽ːs] 'goose' Usually transcribed in IPA as ⟨ɡ̊⟩ or ⟨ɡ⟩. Contrasts with aspirated form, which is usually transcribed ⟨kʰ⟩ or ⟨k⟩. See Danish phonology
Dutch[6] koning [ˈkoːnɪŋ] 'king' See Dutch phonology
English kiss [kʰɪs] 'kiss' See English phonology
Estonian kõik [kɤik] 'all'
Esperanto kato [kato] 'cat'
Finnish kakku [kɑkːu] 'cake' See Finnish phonology
French[7] cabinet [kabinɛ] 'office' See French phonology
Georgian[8] ქვა [kʰva] 'stone'
German Käfig [ˈkʰɛːfɪç] 'cage' See German phonology
Greek καλόγερος/kalógeros [kaˈlo̞ʝe̞ro̞s̠] 'monk' See Modern Greek phonology
Gujarati કાંદો [kɑːnd̪oː] 'onion' See Gujarati phonology
Hebrew כסף/kesef [ˈkesef] 'money' See Modern Hebrew phonology
Hindi काम [kɑːm] 'work' Contrasts with aspirated form. See Hindi-Urdu phonology
Hungarian akkor [ɒkkor] 'then' See Hungarian phonology
Italian[9] casa [ˈkaza] 'house' See Italian phonology
Japanese[10] 鞄/kaban [kabaɴ] 'handbag' See Japanese phonology
Kagayanen[11] ? [kað̞aɡ] 'spirit'
Korean 키조개/kijogae [kʰid͡ʑoɡɛ] 'Atrina pectinata' See Korean phonology
Lakota kimímela [kɪˈmɪmela] 'butterfly'
Luxembourgish[12] geess [ˈkeːs] 'goat' Less often voiced [ɡ]. It is usually transcribed in IPA as ⟨ɡ⟩, and it contrasts with aspirated form, which is usually transcribed ⟨k⟩.[12] See Luxembourgish phonology
Macedonian кој [kɔj] 'who' See Macedonian phonology
Marathi कवच [kəʋət͡s] 'armour' Contrasts with aspirated form. See Marathi phonology
Malay kaki [käki] 'leg'
Norwegian kake [kɑːkɛ] 'cake' See Norwegian phonology
Pashto كال [kɑl] 'year'
Polish[13] buk About this sound [ˈbuk] (help·info) 'beech tree' See Polish phonology
Portuguese[14] corpo [ˈkoɾpu] 'body' See Portuguese phonology
Punjabi ਕਰ [kəɾ] 'do' Contrasts with aspirated form.
Romanian[15] când [ˈkɨnd] 'when' See Romanian phonology
Russian[16] короткий About this sound [kɐˈrotkʲɪj] (help·info) 'short' See Russian phonology
Slovak kosť [kosc] 'bone'
Spanish[17] casa [ˈkasa] 'house' See Spanish phonology
Swedish ko [ˈkʰuː] 'cow' See Swedish phonology
Turkish kulak [kʰuɫäk] 'ear' See Turkish phonology
Ubykh /kawar/ 'slat' Found mostly in loanwords. See Ubykh phonology
Ukrainian колесо [ˈkɔɫɛsɔ] 'wheel' See Ukrainian phonology
Urdu کتاب [kɪtɑːb] 'book' Contrasts with aspirated form. See Hindi-Urdu phonology
Vietnamese[18] cam [kaːm] 'orange' See Vietnamese phonology
West Frisian keal [kɪəl] 'calf'
Western Neo-Aramaic Bakh'a [example needed] Post-velar; somewhat more front in Ma'loula.
Ma'loula [example needed]
Yi ꇰ/ge [kɤ˧] 'foolish' Contrasts aspirated and unaspirated forms.
Zapotec Tilquiapan[19] canza [kanza] 'walking'

See also

References

  1. ↑ Ladefoged (2005), p. 165.
  2. ↑ Thelwall (1990), p. 37.
  3. ↑ Dum-Tragut (2009), p. 13.
  4. ↑ Carbonell & Llisterri (1992), p. 53.
  5. ↑ Basbøll (2005:61)
  6. ↑ Gussenhoven (1992), p. 45.
  7. ↑ Fougeron & Smith (1993), p. 73.
  8. ↑ Shosted & Chikovani (2006), p. 255.
  9. ↑ Rogers & d'Arcangeli (2004), p. 117.
  10. ↑ Okada (1991), p. 94.
  11. ↑ Olson et al. (2010), pp. 206–207.
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 Gilles & Trouvain (2013:67–68)
  13. ↑ Jassem (2003), p. 103.
  14. ↑ Cruz-Ferreira (1995), p. 91.
  15. ↑ DEX Online : [1]
  16. ↑ Padgett (2003), p. 42.
  17. ↑ Martínez-Celdrán, Fernández-Planas & Carrera-Sabaté (2003), p. 255.
  18. ↑ Thompson (1959), pp. 458–461.
  19. ↑ Merrill (2008), p. 108.

Bibliography

  • Basbøll, Hans (2005), The Phonology of Danish, ISBN 0-203-97876-5<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  • Carbonell, Joan F.; Llisterri, Joaquim (1992), "Catalan", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 22 (1–2): 53–56, doi:10.1017/S0025100300004618<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  • Cruz-Ferreira, Madalena (1995), "European Portuguese", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 25 (2): 90–94, doi:10.1017/S0025100300005223<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  • Dum-Tragut, Jasmine (2009), Armenian: Modern Eastern Armenian, Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  • Fougeron, Cecile; Smith, Caroline L. (1993), "French", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 23 (2): 73–76, doi:10.1017/S0025100300004874<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  • Gilles, Peter; Trouvain, Jürgen (2013), "Luxembourgish" (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 43 (1): 67–74, doi:10.1017/S0025100312000278<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  • Gussenhoven, Carlos (1992), "Dutch", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 22 (2): 45–47, doi:10.1017/S002510030000459X<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  • Jassem, Wiktor (2003), "Polish", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 33 (1): 103–107, doi:10.1017/S0025100303001191<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  • Ladefoged, Peter (2005), Vowels and Consonants (Second ed.), Blackwell<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  • Martínez-Celdrán, Eugenio; Fernández-Planas, Ana Ma.; Carrera-Sabaté, Josefina (2003), "Castilian Spanish", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 33 (2): 255–259, doi:10.1017/S0025100303001373<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  • Merrill, Elizabeth (2008), "Tilquiapan Zapotec", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 38 (1): 107–114, doi:10.1017/S0025100308003344<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  • Okada, Hideo (1991), "Phonetic Representation:Japanese", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 21 (2): 94–97, doi:10.1017/S002510030000445X<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  • Olson, Kenneth; Mielke, Jeff; Sanicas-Daguman, Josephine; Pebley, Carol Jean; Paterson, Hugh J., III (2010), "The phonetic status of the (inter)dental approximant", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 40 (2): 199–215, doi:10.1017/S0025100309990296<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  • Padgett, Jaye (2003), "Contrast and Post-Velar Fronting in Russian", Natural Language & Linguistic Theory, 21 (1): 39–87, doi:10.1023/A:1021879906505<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  • Rogers, Derek; d'Arcangeli, Luciana (2004), "Italian", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 34 (1): 117–121, doi:10.1017/S0025100304001628<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  • Shosted, Ryan K.; Chikovani, Vakhtang (2006), "Standard Georgian", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 36 (2): 255–264, doi:10.1017/S0025100306002659<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  • Thelwall, Robin (1990), "Arabic", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 20 (2): 37–41, doi:10.1017/S0025100300004266<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  • Thompson, Laurence (1959), "Saigon phonemics", Language, 35 (3): 454–476, doi:10.2307/411232, JSTOR 411232<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
Retrieved from "https://infogalactic.com/w/index.php?title=Voiceless_velar_stop&oldid=698130"