Close back rounded vowel
Close back rounded vowel | |
---|---|
u | |
IPA number | 308 |
Encoding | |
Entity (decimal) | u |
Unicode (hex) | U+0075 |
X-SAMPA | u |
Kirshenbaum | u |
Sound | |
|
The close back rounded vowel, or high back rounded vowel, is a type of vowel sound, used in many spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨u⟩, and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is u.
The IPA prefers terms "close" and "open" for vowels, and the name of the article follows this. However, a large number of linguists, perhaps a majority, prefer the terms "high" and "low".
In most languages this rounded vowel is pronounced with protruded lips ('endolabial'). However, in a few cases the lips are compressed ('exolabial').
The close back rounded vowel is almost identical featurally to the labio-velar approximant [w]. [u] alternates with [w] in certain languages, such as French, and in the diphthongs of some languages, [u̯] with the non-syllabic diacritic and [w] are used in different transcription systems to represent the same sound.
Contents
Close back protruded vowel
In most languages, close back rounded vowels are pronounced with protruded lips.
Features
IPA vowel chart | |||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
|||||||||||||||||||
Paired vowels are: unrounded • rounded | |||||||||||||||||||
This table contains phonetic symbols, which may not display correctly in some browsers. [Help] | |||||||||||||||||||
IPA help • IPA key • chart • ![]() |
- Its vowel height is close, also known as high, which means the tongue is positioned as close as possible to the roof of the mouth without creating a constriction that would be classified as a consonant.
- Its vowel backness is back, which means the tongue is positioned as far back as possible in the mouth without creating a constriction that would be classified as a consonant. Note that unrounded back vowels tend to be centralized, which means that often they are in fact near-back.
- Its roundedness is protruded, which means that the corners of the lips are drawn together, and the inner surfaces exposed.
Occurrence
Note: Because back rounded vowels are assumed to have protrusion, and few descriptions cover the distinction, some of the following may actually have compression.
Close back compressed vowel
Close back compressed vowel | |
---|---|
u͍ | |
ɯᵝ |
Some languages, such as Japanese ( listen (help·info)) and Swedish, are found with a close back vowel that has a distinct type of rounding, called compressed or exolabial.[53] No language is known to contrast this with the more typical protruded (endolabial) close back vowel.
There is no dedicated diacritic for compression in the IPA. However, the compression of the lips can be shown with the letter ⟨β⟩ as ⟨ɯ͡β̞⟩ (simultaneous [ɯ] and labial compression) or ⟨ɯᵝ⟩ ([ɯ] modified with labial compression). The spread-lip diacritic ⟨ ͍ ⟩ may also be used with a rounded vowel letter ⟨u͍⟩ as an ad hoc symbol, though technically 'spread' means unrounded.
Features
- Its vowel height is close, which means the tongue is positioned as close as possible to the roof of the mouth without creating a constriction that would be classified as a consonant.
- Its vowel backness is back, which means the tongue is positioned as far back as possible in the mouth without creating a constriction that would be classified as a consonant.
- Its roundedness is compressed, which means that the margins of the lips approach one another, so that the inner surfaces are not exposed.
Occurrence
Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Hajong[citation needed] | [example needed] | ||||
Japanese[54] | 空気/kūki | ![]() |
'air' | Near-back; may be realized as central [ÿ] by younger speakers.[54] See Japanese phonology | |
Lizu[55] | [Fmɯ̟ᵝ] | 'feather' | Near-back.[55] | ||
Norwegian | mot | [mɯᵝːt] | 'courage' | See Norwegian phonology | |
Swedish | Central Standard | oro | ![]() |
'unease' | Contrasts with a close central and close front compressed vowels in some Swea dialects |
See also
References
- ↑ Thelwall & Sa'Adeddin (1990:38)
- ↑ Dum-Tragut (2009:13)
- ↑ Traunmüller (1982), cited in Ladefoged & Maddieson (1996:290)
- ↑ Carbonell & Llisterri (1992:54)
- ↑ Grønnum (1998:100)
- ↑ Grønnum (2005:268)
- ↑ Grønnum (2003)
- ↑ Allan, Holmes & Lundskær-Nielsen (2000:17)
- ↑ Ladefoged & Johnson (2010:227)
- ↑ Basbøll (2005:46)
- ↑ Verhoeven (2005:245)
- ↑ Gussenhoven (1992:47)
- ↑ Lass (2002:116)
- ↑ Mannell, Cox & Harrington (2009)
- ↑ Watt & Allen (2003:268)
- ↑ Gimson (2014:91)
- ↑ Roach (2004:242)
- ↑ Coupland (1990:93-95, 135)
- ↑ Mahboob & Ahmar (2004:1007)
- ↑ Asu & Teras (2009:368)
- ↑ Iivonen & Harnud (2005:60, 66)
- ↑ Suomi, Toivanen & Ylitalo (2008:21)
- ↑ Fougeron & Smith (1993:73)
- ↑ Shosted & Chikovani (2006:261–262)
- ↑ Kohler (1999:87), Mangold (2005:37)
- ↑ Szende (1994:92)
- ↑ Árnason (2011:60)
- ↑ Einarsson (1945:10), cited in Gussmann (2011:73)
- ↑ Haugen (1958:65)
- ↑ Rogers & d'Arcangeli (2004:119)
- ↑ Jolkesky (2009:676–677 and 682)
- ↑ 32.0 32.1 Gussenhoven & Aarts (1999:159)
- ↑ 33.0 33.1 Heijmans & Gussenhoven (1998:110)
- ↑ 34.0 34.1 Peters (2006:119)
- ↑ 35.0 35.1 Verhoeven (2007:221)
- ↑ Trouvain & Gilles (2009:75)
- ↑ Gilles & Trouvain (2013:70)
- ↑ Iivonen & Harnud (2005:62, 66–67)
- ↑ Jassem (2003:105)
- ↑ Cruz-Ferreira (1995:91)
- ↑ Barbosa & Albano (2004:229)
- ↑ Jones & Ward (1969:67)
- ↑ Fast Mowitz (1975:2)
- ↑ Pavlík (2004:95)
- ↑ Pavlík (2004:93, 95)
- ↑ Martínez-Celdrán, Fernández-Planas & Carrera-Sabaté (2003:256)
- ↑ Tingsabadh & Abramson (1993:24)
- ↑ Zimmer & Organ (1999:155)
- ↑ Göksel & Kerslake (2005:11)
- ↑ Iivonen & Harnud (2005:64, 68)
- ↑ Bamgboṣe (1969:166)
- ↑ Merrill (2008:109)
- ↑ Ladefoged & Maddieson (1996:295)
- ↑ 54.0 54.1 Okada (1999:118)
- ↑ 55.0 55.1 Chirkova & Chen (2013:78)
Bibliography
- Allan, Robin; Holmes, Philip; Lundskær-Nielsen, Tom (2000), Danish: An Essential Grammar, London: Routledge, ISBN 0-19-824268-9<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- Árnason, Kristján (2011), The Phonology of Icelandic and Faroese, Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-922931-4<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- Asu, Eva Liina; Teras, Pire (2009), "Estonian", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 39 (3): 367–372, doi:10.1017/s002510030999017x<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- Bamgboṣe, Ayọ (1966), A Grammar of Yoruba, [West African Languages Survey / Institute of African Studies], Cambridge: Cambridge University Press<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- Barbosa, Plínio A.; Albano, Eleonora C. (2004), "Brazilian Portuguese", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 34 (2): 227–232, doi:10.1017/S0025100304001756<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- Basbøll, Hans (2005), The Phonology of Danish, ISBN 0-203-97876-5<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- Carbonell, Joan F.; Llisterri, Joaquim (1992), "Catalan", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 22 (1–2): 53–56, doi:10.1017/S0025100300004618<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- Chirkova, Katia; Chen, Yiya (2013), "Lizu" (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 43 (1): 75–86, doi:10.1017/S0025100312000242<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- Coupland, Nikolas (1990), English in Wales: Diversity, Conflict, and Change, ISBN 1-85359-032-0<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- Cruz-Ferreira, Madalena (1995), "European Portuguese", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 25 (2): 90–94, doi:10.1017/S0025100300005223<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- Dum-Tragut, Jasmine (2009), Armenian: Modern Eastern Armenian, Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- Einarsson, Stefán (1945), Icelandic. Grammar texts glossary., Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins Press, ISBN 978-0801863578<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- Fast Mowitz, Gerhard (1975), Sistema fonológico del idioma achual, Lima: Instituto Lingüístico de Verano<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- Fougeron, Cecile; Smith, Caroline L (1993), "French", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 23 (2): 73–76, doi:10.1017/S0025100300004874<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- Gilles, Peter; Trouvain, Jürgen (2013), "Luxembourgish" (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 43 (1): 67–74, doi:10.1017/S0025100312000278<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- Gimson, Alfred Charles (2014), Cruttenden, Alan (ed.), Gimson's Pronunciation of English (8th ed.), Routledge, ISBN 9781444183092<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- Göksel, Asli; Kerslake, Celia (2005), Turkish: a comprehensive grammar (PDF), Routledge, ISBN 978-0415114943, archived from the original (PDF) on 26 November 2014<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- Grønnum, Nina (1998), "Illustrations of the IPA: Danish", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 28 (1 & 2): 99–105, doi:10.1017/s0025100300006290<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- Grønnum, Nina (2003), Why are the Danes so hard to understand?<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- Grønnum, Nina (2005), Fonetik og fonologi, Almen og Dansk (3rd ed.), Copenhagen: Akademisk Forlag, ISBN 87-500-3865-6<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- Gussenhoven, Carlos (1992), "Dutch", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 22 (2): 45–47, doi:10.1017/S002510030000459X<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- Gussenhoven, Carlos; Aarts, Flor (1999), "The dialect of Maastricht" (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, University of Nijmegen, Centre for Language Studies, 29: 155–166, doi:10.1017/S0025100300006526<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- Gussmann, Edmund (2011). "Getting your head around: the vowel system of Modern Icelandic" (PDF). Folia Scandinavica Posnaniensia. 12: 71–90. ISBN 978-83-232-2296-5.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- Haugen, Einar (1958). "The Phonemics of Modern Icelandic". Language. 34 (1): 55–88. doi:10.2307/411276. JSTOR 411276.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- Heijmans, Linda; Gussenhoven, Carlos (1998), "The Dutch dialect of Weert" (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 28: 107–112, doi:10.1017/S0025100300006307<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- Iivonen, Antti; Harnud, Huhe (2005), "Acoustical comparison of the monophthong systems in Finnish, Mongolian and Udmurt", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 35 (1): 59–71, doi:10.1017/S002510030500191X<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- Jassem, Wiktor (2003), "Polish", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 33 (1): 103–107, doi:10.1017/S0025100303001191<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- Jolkesky, Marcelo Pinho de Valhery (2009), "Fonologia e prosódia do Kaingáng falado em Cacique Doble", Anais do SETA, Campinas: Editora do IEL-UNICAMP, 3: 675–685<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- Jones, Daniel; Ward, Dennis (1969), The Phonetics of Russian, Cambridge University Press<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- Kohler, Klaus J. (1999), "German", Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A guide to the use of the International Phonetic Alphabet, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 86–89, ISBN 0-521-65236-7<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- Ladefoged, Peter; Maddieson, Ian (1996), The Sounds of the World's Languages, Oxford: Blackwell, ISBN 0-631-19814-8<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- Ladefoged, Peter; Johnson, Keith (2010), A Course in Phonetics (6th ed.), Boston, Massachusetts: Wadsworth Publishing, ISBN 978-1-4282-3126-9<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- Lass, Roger (2002), "South African English", in Mesthrie, Rajend (ed.), Language in South Africa, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 9780521791052<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- Mahboob, Ahmar; Ahmar, Nadra H. (2004), "Pakistani English: phonology", in Schneider, Edgar W. (ed.), A handbook of varieties of English, 1, Berlin; New York: Mouton de Gruyter, pp. 1003–1015<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- Mangold, Max (2005), Das Aussprachewörterbuch, Duden, p. 37, ISBN 9783411040667<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- Mannell, R.; Cox, F.; Harrington, J. (2009a), An Introduction to Phonetics and Phonology, Macquarie University<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- Martínez-Celdrán, Eugenio; Fernández-Planas, Ana Ma.; Carrera-Sabaté, Josefina (2003), "Castilian Spanish", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 33 (2): 255–259, doi:10.1017/S0025100303001373<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- Merrill, Elizabeth (2008), "Tilquiapan Zapotec", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 38 (1): 107–114, doi:10.1017/S0025100308003344<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- Okada, Hideo (1991), "Japanese", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 21 (2): 94–96, doi:10.1017/S002510030000445X<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- Pavlík, Radoslav (2004), "Slovenské hlásky a medzinárodná fonetická abeceda" (PDF), Jazykovedný časopis, 55: 87–109<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- Peters, Jörg (2006), "The dialect of Hasselt", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 36 (1): 117–124, doi:10.1017/S0025100306002428<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- Roach, Peter (2004), "British English: Received Pronunciation", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 34 (2): 239–245, doi:10.1017/S0025100304001768<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- Rogers, Derek; d'Arcangeli, Luciana (2004), "Italian", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 34 (1): 117–121, doi:10.1017/S0025100304001628<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- Shosted, Ryan K.; Chikovani, Vakhtang (2006), "Standard Georgian", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 36 (2): 255–264, doi:10.1017/S0025100306002659<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- Suomi, Kari; Toivanen, Juhani; Ylitalo, Riikka (2008), Finish sound structure, ISBN 978-951-42-8983-5<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- Szende, Tamás (1994), "Hungarian", Journal of the International Phonetic Alphabet, 24 (2): 91–94, doi:10.1017/S0025100300005090<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- Thelwall, Robin; Sa'Adeddin, M. Akram (1990), "Arabic", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 20 (2): 37–39, doi:10.1017/S0025100300004266<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- Tingsabadh, M. R. Kalaya; Abramson, Arthur S. (1993), "Thai", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 23 (1): 24–28, doi:10.1017/S0025100300004746<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- Traunmüller, Hartmut (1982), "Vokalismus in der westniederösterreichischen Mundart.", Zeitschrift für Dialektologie und Linguistik, 2: 289–333, doi:10.1017/S0025100300006290<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- Trouvain, Jürgen; Gilles, Peter (2009), PhonLaf - Phonetic Online Material for Luxembourgish as a Foreign Language 1 (PDF), pp. 74–77<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- Verhoeven, Jo (2005), "Belgian Standard Dutch", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 35 (2): 243–247, doi:10.1017/S0025100305002173<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- Verhoeven, Jo (2007), "The Belgian Limburg dialect of Hamont", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 37 (2): 219–225, doi:10.1017/S0025100307002940<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- Watt, Dominic; Allen, William (2003), "Tyneside English", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 33 (2): 267–271, doi:10.1017/S0025100303001397<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- Zimmer, Karl; Orgun, Orhan (1999), "Turkish", Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A guide to the use of the International Phonetic Alphabet (PDF), Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 154–158, ISBN 0-521-65236-7<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- Articles containing Kabardian-language text
- Articles containing Albanian-language text
- Articles containing Arabic-language text
- Articles containing Armenian-language text
- Articles containing non-English-language text
- Articles containing Bengali-language text
- Articles containing Catalan-language text
- Articles containing Czech-language text
- Articles containing Danish-language text
- Articles containing Dutch-language text
- Articles containing explicitly cited English-language text
- Articles containing Finnish-language text
- Articles containing French-language text
- Articles containing Georgian-language text
- Articles containing German-language text
- Articles containing Greek-language text
- Articles containing Hebrew-language text
- Articles containing Urdu-language text
- Articles containing Hindi-language text
- Articles containing Hungarian-language text
- Articles containing Icelandic-language text
- Articles containing Irish-language text
- Articles containing Italian-language text
- Articles containing Limburgish-language text
- Articles containing Luxembourgish-language text
- Articles containing Macedonian-language text
- Articles containing Malay-language text
- Articles containing North Frisian-language text
- Articles containing Polish-language text
- Articles containing Portuguese-language text
- Articles containing Romanian-language text
- Articles containing Russian-language text
- Articles containing Scottish Gaelic-language text
- Articles containing Serbo-Croatian-language text
- Articles containing Slovak-language text
- Articles containing Spanish-language text
- Articles containing Turkish-language text
- Articles containing Ukrainian-language text
- Articles containing Vietnamese-language text
- Articles containing West Frisian-language text
- Articles which use infobox templates with no data rows
- Articles with unsourced statements from November 2015
- Articles containing Japanese-language text
- Articles containing Norwegian-language text
- Articles containing Swedish-language text
- CS1 maint: ref=harv
- Vowels